1402 9 2 17 153

تاثیر سرعت پیشروی در فرایند اصطکاکی اغتشاشی بر ریز ساختار، خواص مکانیکی و رفتار سایش کامپوزیت هیبریدی سطحی Al5052/ZrO2/ZrSiO4 The effect of traverse speed in friction stir process on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behavior Al5052/ZrO2/ZrSiO4 surface hybrid composite 1 1 در مطالعه حاضر از فرایند اصطکاکی اغتشاشی(FSP) برای تولید کامپوزیت هیبریدی سطحی Al/ZrO2/ZrSiO4 در سرعت چرخش ثابت 1400 دور بر دقیقه و سرعت‌های پیشروی 20، 25، 5/31 و 40 میلی‌متر بر دقیقه استفاده گردید. لذا هدف از مطالعه مذکور بررسی تاثیر سرعت پیشروی ابزار بر ریزساختار، سختی و رفتار سایشی کامپوزیت هیبریدی سطحی فوق الذکر و مقایسه آن با آلومینیوم 5052 خام است. بررسی‌ها نشان داد، در اثر عملیات FSP یک ساختار ریزدانه ایجاد می‌گردد که با حضور ذرات ZrO2 و ZrSiO4 سختی و مقاومت سایشی نمونه‌ها در مقایسه با نمونه خام بهبود می‌یابد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد، در بین نمونه‌های FSP شده، نمونه با سرعت پیشروی 20 میلی‌متر بر دقیقه دارای بالاترین سختی و مقاومت سایشی است. دلیل این موضوع آنست که در این نمونه بدلیل سرعت پیشروی کمتر در مقایسه با سایر نمونه‌ها، گرمای بیشتری ایجاد شده که منجر به توزیع مناسب تر و ریزشدن بیشتر ذرات گردیده است. بنابراین در نمونه با سرعت پیشروی 20 میلی‌متر بر دقیقه، سختی و مقاومت سایشی در مقایسه با نمونه خام به ترتیب %3/27 و %9/68  افرایش می‌یابد. همچنین بررسی سطوح سایش نمونه‌ها نشان داد مکانیزم سایش در نمونه خام سایش چسبان قوی است که در اثر عملیات FSP و کامپوزیت سازی سطوح بدلیل ریز شدن دانه‌ها و افزایش سختی، مکانیزم سایش به چسبان ضعیف تبدیل شده است، لذا مقاومت به سایش نمونه‌های FSP بهبود یافته است.   2 In the present study, friction stir process (FSP) was used to produce AL/ZrO2/ZrSiO4 surface hybrid composite at a fixed rotation speed of 1400 rpm and traverse speeds of 20, 25, 31.5 and 40 mm/min. Therefore, the purpose of the mentioned study is to investigate the effect of tool traverse speed on the microstructure, hardness and wear behavior of the above-mentioned surface hybrid composite and compare it with base material aluminum 5052. Investigations showed that as a result of FSP operation, a fine-grained structure is created, which improves the hardness and wear resistance of the samples compared to the base sample with the presence of ZrO2 and ZrSiO4 particles. Also, the results showed that among the FSP samples, the sample with a speed of 20 mm/min has the highest hardness and wear resistance. The reason for this is that in this sample, due to the lower traverse speed compared to other samples, more heat has been generated, which has led to more suitable particle distribution and more fine particles. Therefore, in the sample with the traverse speed of 20 mm/min, the hardness and wear resistance increases by 27.3% and 68.9% respectively compared to the base material sample. Also, the examination of the wear surfaces of the samples showed that the wear mechanism in the base sample is strong adhesive wear, and as a result of the FSP operation and surface compositing due to the fineness of the grains and the increase in hardness, the wear mechanism has become weak adhesive, so the wear resistance of the sample is FSPs have been improved.   1 14 2023/04/10 1402/1/21 2023/05/20 1402/2/30 محمد بزرگمهر M. Bozorgmehr دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، واحد خمینی شهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خمینی شهر، اصفهان، ایران ایران bozorgmehr.m88@gmail.com علی حیدری A. Heidari دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، واحد خمینی شهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خمینی شهر، اصفهان، ایران ایران heidari@iaukhsh.ac.ir کامران امینی K. Amini دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، واحد خمینی شهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خمینی شهر، اصفهان، ایران ایران amini@iaukhsh.ac.ir محسن لوح موسوی M. Loh Mousavi دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، واحد خمینی شهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خمینی شهر، اصفهان، ایران ایران فرهاد غروی F. Gharavi گروه متالورژی، واحد سیرجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سیرجان، کرمان، ایران ایران drfgharavi@gmail.com Friction Stir Process Surface Hybrid Composite Traverse Speed Surface Modification ZrO2 and ZrSiO4 particles. فرایند اصطکاکی اغتشاشی کامپوزیت هیبریدی سطحی سرعت پیشروی اصلاح سطح ذراتZrO2 و ZrSiO4. 1-V. Dutta, L. Thakur, B. Singh, A study on the effect of friction stir processing technique for the marine applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, Elsevier Ltd (2019) 5048–5056. ##2-Hofmann DC, Vecchio KS. Submerged friction stir processing (SFSP): An improved method for creating ultra-fine-grained bulk materials. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2005;402:234-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.04.032##3-Dolatkhah A, Golbabaei P, Besharati Givi MK, Molaiekiya F. Investigating effects of process parameters on microstructural and mechanical properties of Al5052/SiC metal matrix composite fabricated via friction stir processing. Materials and Design 2012;37:458-464. ## 4- R.S. Mishra, M.W. Mahoney, S.X. McFadden, N.A. Mara, A.K. Mukherjee, “High strain rate superplasticity in a friction stir processed 7075 Al alloy,” Scripta Materialia, Vol. 42, pp. 163-168, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(99)00329-2##5-H. Mehdi , R. S. Mishra “Modification of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA6082/ZrB2 Processed by Multipass Friction Stir Processing” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. (2022). ##6-I. Charit, R.S. Mishra, “Low temperature superplasticity in a friction-stir-processed ultrafine-grained Al-Zn-Mg-Se alloy,” Acta Materialia, Vol. 53, pp. 4211-4223, 2005. ##7-J.Karpagam, Chandrashekhar K.Patil, K.V.Pradeep Kumar, AnkurDutt Sharma, RaviKumarGoyal, MotiLal Rinawa, M.Sudhakar, “Fabrication of Al-Zr -Mg-Ni matrix composite with TiC reinforcement by multi-pass recursive friction stir processing and its characterization” Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 59, Part 2, 2022, Pages 1485-1490.## 8-P.B. Berbon, W.H. Bingel, R.S. Mishra, C.C. Bampton, M.W. Mahoney, “Friction stir processing: a tool to homogenise nanocomposite aluminum alloys,” Scripta Materialia, Vol. 44, pp. 61, 2001. ##9-Z.Y. Ma, S.R. Sharma, R.S. Mishra, “Effect of multiple-pass friction stir processing on microstructure and tensile properties of a cast aluminum-silicon alloy,” Scripta Materialia, Vol. 54, pp. 1623, 2006. ##10-K. Kumar, S. V. Kailas, On the role of axial load and the effect ofinterface position on the tensile strength of a friction stir welded aluminium alloy, Materials and Design, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 791-797, 2008. ##11-Jiangmei He, Yijie Hu, Youping Sun, Wangzhen Li, Guojian Luo “Effect of single-pass friction stir processing parameters on the microstructure and properties of 2 mm thick AA2524” Materials Research Express, Volume 9, Number 9, 2022.## 12-S. Bharti, L. Thakur, S. Anand, V. Dutta, Nano-based Composites and Their Synthesis, Nanomater. Environ. Biotechnol. Springer, Cham. (2020) 141–161. ##13-Wang FF, Li WY, Shen JJ, et al. Effect of tool rotational speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of bobbin tool friction stir welding of Al–Li alloy. Materials and Design. 2015;86:933–940. ## 14- Dinaharan I, Kalaiselvan K, Vijay SJ, et al. Effect of material location and tool rotational speed on microstructure and tensile strength of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum alloys. Archives of civil and Mechanical Engineering. 2012;12(4):446–454.## 15-M. Jayaraman, R. Sivasubramanian, V. Balasubramanian. Establishing relationship between the base metal properties and friction stir welding process parameters of cast aluminium alloys. Materials and Design. Volume 31, Issue 9, October 2010, Pages 4567-4576.## 16- Yupeng Li, Daqian Sun,Wenbiao Gong, “Effect of Tool Rotational Speed on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bobbin Tool Friction Stir Welded 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy “ Metals 2019, 9(8), 894.##17-M. Barmouz, M.K. Besharati, “Fabrication of in situ Cu/SiC composites using multi-pass friction stir processing: Evaluation of microstructural, porosity, mechanical and electrical behavior,” Composites, Vol. 42, pp. 1445-1453, 2011.##18-S. Chainarong , P. Muangjunburee, S. Suthummanon., Friction Stir Processing of SSM356 Aluminium Alloy, Procedia Engineering 97 ( 2014 ) 732 – 740##19- Mohsen Bahrami, Kamran. Dehghani, Mohammad Kazem Besharati Givi, A novel approach to develop aluminum matrix nano-composite employing friction stir welding technique, Materials and Design, Volume 53, January 2014, Pages 217-225.##20- Shalok Bharti a , Nilesh D. Ghetiya a , Varun Dutta, “Investigating micro hardness and wear behavior of Al5052/ZrO2 surface composite produced by friction stir processing “Materials Today, Volume 44, Part 1, 2021, Pages 52-57.## 21-S. Mitrovic, M. Babic, B. Stojanovic, N. Miloradovic, M. Pantic and D. Dzunic, "Tribological potential of hybrid composites based on zinc and aluminum alloys reinforced with SiC and graphite particles", Tribology in Industry, Vol. 34(4), pp. 177–185, 2012. License CC BY-NC 4.0##22-A. Akinci, S. Sen, U. Sen, Friction and wear behavior of zirconium oxide reinforced PMMA composites, Composites Part B: Engineering. 56 (2014) 42–47.##23-S. M. Bayazida, H. Farhangia , A. Ghahramani, Effect of Pin Profile on Defects of Friction Stir Welded 7075 Aluminum Alloy, Procedia Materials Science 11 (2015 ) 12 – 16.## 24- S.J. Vijay, N. Murugan, Influence of tool pin profile on the metallurgical and echanical properties of friction stir welded Al–10 wt.% TiB2 metal matrix Composite, Materials and Design. Volume 31, Issue 7, 2010, P.3585-3589. ##25-Ravi Butola , RanganathMS, Qasim Murtaza, Fabrication and optimization of AA7075 matrix surface composites using Taguchi technique via friction stir processing (FSP), Engineering Research Express 1 (2019) 025015. ##26- G. Minak, L. Cedchini, I. Boromei, and M. Ponte: Int. J. Fatigue, 2010, vol. 32, pp. 218–26.## 27-American Society for Testing and Materials (2017) Standard test method for microindentation hardness of materials, ASTM E 384. ASM International, West Conshohocken.## 28-American Society for Testing and Materials (2004) Standard test method for wear testing with a pin-on-disk apparatus, ASTM G99. ASM International, West Conshohocken. ##29-M. Raaft, T.S. Mahmoud, H.M. Zakaria, and T.A. Khalifa, “Microstructural, mechanical and wear behavior of A390/graphite and A390/Al2O3 surface composites fabricated using FSP,” Materials Science and EngineeringA, 528, No. 18, 5741–5746 (2011). ##30-M. Paidar, A. Khodabandeh, H. Najafi, and A. Sabour Rouh-aghdam, “Retracted article: An investigation on mechanical and metallurgical properties of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy spot friction welds,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 80, Nos. 1–4, 183–197 (2015).##31- ShojaeefardMH, Akbari M, Asadi P and Khalkhali A The effect of reinforcement type on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of A356 matrix composites produced by FSP. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 91, pages1391–1407 (2017).##32- Mishra R S, SarathiD, P and KumarNFriction Stir Welding and Processing (Berlin: Springer, 2010).##33- Shafiei-Zarghani, A., S.F. Kashani-Bozorg, and A. Zarei-Hanzaki, Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al/Al2O3 surface nano-composite layer produced by friction stir processing. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2009. 500: p. 84-91.##34- Shamsipur A, Kashani-Bozorg S.F, Zarei-Hanzaki A. The effects of friction-stir process parameters on the fabrication of Ti/SiC nano-composite surface layer. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2011; 206: 1372–1381. ##35-Qu, J., et al., Improving the tribological characteristics of aluminum 6061 alloy by surface compositing with sub-micro-size ceramic particles via friction stir processing. Wear, 2011. 271: p. 1940 – 1945. ##36- J. Gandra, R. Miranda, P. Vilica, A. Velhinho, J.P. Teixeira, Functionally graded materials produced by friction stir processing, Journal of Materials Procressing Technology 211, 1659 (2011). ##37-Pardeep Kumar1, Vipin Sharma, Dinesh Kumar, Shalom Akhai, “Morphology and Mechanical Behavior of Friction Stirred Aluminum Surface Composite Reinforced with Graphene” EVERGREEN Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences & Green Asia Strategy, Vol. 10, Issue 01, pp105-110, March 2023. ##38-Jingming Tang, Yifu Shen, Junping Li, “Influences of friction stir processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiC/Al composites fabricated by multi-pin tool “ Journal of Manufacturing Processes 38 (2019) 279–28.##1-V. Dutta, L. Thakur, B. Singh, A study on the effect of friction stir processing technique for the marine applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, Elsevier Ltd (2019) 5048–5056. ##2-Hofmann DC, Vecchio KS. Submerged friction stir processing (SFSP): An improved method for creating ultra-fine-grained bulk materials. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2005;402:234-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.04.032##3-Dolatkhah A, Golbabaei P, Besharati Givi MK, Molaiekiya F. Investigating effects of process parameters on microstructural and mechanical properties of Al5052/SiC metal matrix composite fabricated via friction stir processing. Materials and Design 2012;37:458-464. ## 4- R.S. Mishra, M.W. Mahoney, S.X. McFadden, N.A. Mara, A.K. Mukherjee, “High strain rate superplasticity in a friction stir processed 7075 Al alloy,” Scripta Materialia, Vol. 42, pp. 163-168, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(99)00329-2##5-H. Mehdi , R. S. Mishra “Modification of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA6082/ZrB2 Processed by Multipass Friction Stir Processing” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. (2022). ##6-I. Charit, R.S. Mishra, “Low temperature superplasticity in a friction-stir-processed ultrafine-grained Al-Zn-Mg-Se alloy,” Acta Materialia, Vol. 53, pp. 4211-4223, 2005. ##7-J.Karpagam, Chandrashekhar K.Patil, K.V.Pradeep Kumar, AnkurDutt Sharma, RaviKumarGoyal, MotiLal Rinawa, M.Sudhakar, “Fabrication of Al-Zr -Mg-Ni matrix composite with TiC reinforcement by multi-pass recursive friction stir processing and its characterization” Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 59, Part 2, 2022, Pages 1485-1490.## 8-P.B. Berbon, W.H. Bingel, R.S. Mishra, C.C. Bampton, M.W. Mahoney, “Friction stir processing: a tool to homogenise nanocomposite aluminum alloys,” Scripta Materialia, Vol. 44, pp. 61, 2001. ##9-Z.Y. Ma, S.R. Sharma, R.S. Mishra, “Effect of multiple-pass friction stir processing on microstructure and tensile properties of a cast aluminum-silicon alloy,” Scripta Materialia, Vol. 54, pp. 1623, 2006. ##10-K. Kumar, S. V. Kailas, On the role of axial load and the effect ofinterface position on the tensile strength of a friction stir welded aluminium alloy, Materials and Design, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 791-797, 2008. ##11-Jiangmei He, Yijie Hu, Youping Sun, Wangzhen Li, Guojian Luo “Effect of single-pass friction stir processing parameters on the microstructure and properties of 2 mm thick AA2524” Materials Research Express, Volume 9, Number 9, 2022.## 12-S. Bharti, L. Thakur, S. Anand, V. Dutta, Nano-based Composites and Their Synthesis, Nanomater. Environ. Biotechnol. Springer, Cham. (2020) 141–161. ##13-Wang FF, Li WY, Shen JJ, et al. Effect of tool rotational speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of bobbin tool friction stir welding of Al–Li alloy. Materials and Design. 2015;86:933–940. ## 14- Dinaharan I, Kalaiselvan K, Vijay SJ, et al. Effect of material location and tool rotational speed on microstructure and tensile strength of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum alloys. Archives of civil and Mechanical Engineering. 2012;12(4):446–454.## 15-M. Jayaraman, R. Sivasubramanian, V. Balasubramanian. Establishing relationship between the base metal properties and friction stir welding process parameters of cast aluminium alloys. Materials and Design. Volume 31, Issue 9, October 2010, Pages 4567-4576.## 16- Yupeng Li, Daqian Sun,Wenbiao Gong, “Effect of Tool Rotational Speed on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bobbin Tool Friction Stir Welded 6082-T6 Aluminum Alloy “ Metals 2019, 9(8), 894.##17-M. Barmouz, M.K. Besharati, “Fabrication of in situ Cu/SiC composites using multi-pass friction stir processing: Evaluation of microstructural, porosity, mechanical and electrical behavior,” Composites, Vol. 42, pp. 1445-1453, 2011.##18-S. Chainarong , P. Muangjunburee, S. Suthummanon., Friction Stir Processing of SSM356 Aluminium Alloy, Procedia Engineering 97 ( 2014 ) 732 – 740##19- Mohsen Bahrami, Kamran. Dehghani, Mohammad Kazem Besharati Givi, A novel approach to develop aluminum matrix nano-composite employing friction stir welding technique, Materials and Design, Volume 53, January 2014, Pages 217-225.##20- Shalok Bharti a , Nilesh D. Ghetiya a , Varun Dutta, “Investigating micro hardness and wear behavior of Al5052/ZrO2 surface composite produced by friction stir processing “Materials Today, Volume 44, Part 1, 2021, Pages 52-57.## 21-S. Mitrovic, M. Babic, B. Stojanovic, N. Miloradovic, M. Pantic and D. Dzunic, "Tribological potential of hybrid composites based on zinc and aluminum alloys reinforced with SiC and graphite particles", Tribology in Industry, Vol. 34(4), pp. 177–185, 2012. License CC BY-NC 4.0##22-A. Akinci, S. Sen, U. Sen, Friction and wear behavior of zirconium oxide reinforced PMMA composites, Composites Part B: Engineering. 56 (2014) 42–47.##23-S. M. Bayazida, H. Farhangia , A. Ghahramani, Effect of Pin Profile on Defects of Friction Stir Welded 7075 Aluminum Alloy, Procedia Materials Science 11 (2015 ) 12 – 16.## 24- S.J. Vijay, N. Murugan, Influence of tool pin profile on the metallurgical and echanical properties of friction stir welded Al–10 wt.% TiB2 metal matrix Composite, Materials and Design. Volume 31, Issue 7, 2010, P.3585-3589. ##25-Ravi Butola , RanganathMS, Qasim Murtaza, Fabrication and optimization of AA7075 matrix surface composites using Taguchi technique via friction stir processing (FSP), Engineering Research Express 1 (2019) 025015. ##26- G. Minak, L. Cedchini, I. Boromei, and M. Ponte: Int. J. Fatigue, 2010, vol. 32, pp. 218–26.## 27-American Society for Testing and Materials (2017) Standard test method for microindentation hardness of materials, ASTM E 384. ASM International, West Conshohocken.## 28-American Society for Testing and Materials (2004) Standard test method for wear testing with a pin-on-disk apparatus, ASTM G99. ASM International, West Conshohocken. ##29-M. Raaft, T.S. Mahmoud, H.M. Zakaria, and T.A. Khalifa, “Microstructural, mechanical and wear behavior of A390/graphite and A390/Al2O3 surface composites fabricated using FSP,” Materials Science and EngineeringA, 528, No. 18, 5741–5746 (2011). ##30-M. Paidar, A. Khodabandeh, H. Najafi, and A. Sabour Rouh-aghdam, “Retracted article: An investigation on mechanical and metallurgical properties of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy spot friction welds,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 80, Nos. 1–4, 183–197 (2015).##31- ShojaeefardMH, Akbari M, Asadi P and Khalkhali A The effect of reinforcement type on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of A356 matrix composites produced by FSP. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 91, pages1391–1407 (2017).##32- Mishra R S, SarathiD, P and KumarNFriction Stir Welding and Processing (Berlin: Springer, 2010).##33- Shafiei-Zarghani, A., S.F. Kashani-Bozorg, and A. Zarei-Hanzaki, Microstructures and mechanical properties of Al/Al2O3 surface nano-composite layer produced by friction stir processing. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2009. 500: p. 84-91.##34- Shamsipur A, Kashani-Bozorg S.F, Zarei-Hanzaki A. The effects of friction-stir process parameters on the fabrication of Ti/SiC nano-composite surface layer. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2011; 206: 1372–1381. ##35-Qu, J., et al., Improving the tribological characteristics of aluminum 6061 alloy by surface compositing with sub-micro-size ceramic particles via friction stir processing. Wear, 2011. 271: p. 1940 – 1945. ##36- J. Gandra, R. Miranda, P. Vilica, A. Velhinho, J.P. Teixeira, Functionally graded materials produced by friction stir processing, Journal of Materials Procressing Technology 211, 1659 (2011). ##37-Pardeep Kumar1, Vipin Sharma, Dinesh Kumar, Shalom Akhai, “Morphology and Mechanical Behavior of Friction Stirred Aluminum Surface Composite Reinforced with Graphene” EVERGREEN Joint Journal of Novel Carbon Resource Sciences & Green Asia Strategy, Vol. 10, Issue 01, pp105-110, March 2023. ##38-Jingming Tang, Yifu Shen, Junping Li, “Influences of friction stir processing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of SiC/Al composites fabricated by multi-pin tool “ Journal of Manufacturing Processes 38 (2019) 279–28. ##

ارزیابی رفتار تریبولوژیکی روکش اینکونل 625 روی زیرلایه هم‌جنس روکش‌کاری شده توسط فرایند رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری Evaluation of tribological behaviors of Inconel 625 cladding on same substrate cladded by direct laser deposition process 1 1 بازسازی قطعات به‌وسیله رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری می‌تواند تلفیقی از خواص مقاومت به سایش بالا، چقرمگی مناسب و مقاومت مطلوب در برابر خوردگی را ایجاد نماید. در این پژوهش خواص سایشی روکش پودر اینکونل 625 روی زیرلایه هم‌جنس بررسی شد؛ بدین منظور از آزمون سایش دمای محیط و دمای بالا استفاده و کاهش‌جرم، ضریب اصطکاک، عرض و عمق نفوذ سایش اندازه‌گیری شد. جهت ارزیابی سطح سایش‌یافته از میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی مجهز به سیستم طیف سنجی پراش انرژی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد؛ کاهش جرم ناشی از سایش روکش اینکونل 625 در مقایسه با زیرلایه اینکونل 625 به ترتیب 7 و 52  درصد در سایش دمای 25 و 620 درجه سانتیگراد کاهش یافت. مکانیزم سایش دمای محیط پوشش عمدتاً خراشان و مکانیزم سایش دما بالای آن  عمدتاً چسبان است. 2 Reconstruction of parts using direct laser deposition can create a combination of high wear resistance properties, good toughness, and  corrosion resistance. In this research, the wear properties of Inconel 625 powder cladding on the same substrate have been investigated; For this purpose, room temperature and high temperature wear tests have been used. Mass reduction, friction coefficient, width and depth of wear penetration have been measured. Also, a scanning electron microscope with an energy disspersive spectroscopy system was used to evaluate the cladding surface. The results showed that the mass reduction due to wear at Inconel 625 cladding compared to Inconel 625 substrate has decreased by 7% and 52%, respectively, at temperatures of 25°C and 620°C. Also, the wear mechanism of the room temperature of the cladding is mainly scratchy, and the wear mechanism of high temperature is mainly sticky. 15 25 2023/04/102023/05/13 1402/2/23 2023/05/202023/06/14 1402/3/24 محمدرضا برهانی M. R. Borhani دانشگاه صنعتی نوشیروانی بابل، دانشکده مهندسی صنایع و مواد ایران moh_borhani@mut.ac.ir محمد رجبی M. Rajabi دانشگاه صنعتی نوشیروانی بابل، دانشکده مهندسی صنایع و مواد ایران m.rajabi@nit.ac.ir رضا شجاع رضوی R. Shoja Razavi دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت ایران shoja_r@yahoo.com روح الله جماعتی R. Jamaati دانشگاه صنعتی نوشیروانی بابل، دانشکده مهندسی صنایع و مواد ایران jamaati@nit.ac.ir Direct Laser Deposition Inconel 625 Wear properties Friction coefficient رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری اینکونل 625 خواص سایشی ضریب اصطکاک 1-Karmuhilan, M., & Kumanan, S. (2021). A review on additive manufacturing processes of inconel 625. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 1-10.‌##2-Zafar, F., Emadinia, O., Conceição, J., Vieira, M., & Reis, A. (2023). A Review on Direct Laser Deposition of Inconel 625 and Inconel 625-Based Composites—Challenges and Prospects. Metals, 13(4), 787.‌##3-Anil, P. M., & Naiju, C. D. (2019). Sliding Wear Reliability Studies of Inconel 625 Components Manufactured by Direct Metal Deposition (DMD). Procedia Manufacturing, 30, 581-587.‌##4-Ravi, G., Murugan, N., & Arulmani, R. (2020). Microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel-625 slab component fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing. Materials Science and Technology, 36(16), 1785-1795.‌##5-Yan, X., Gao, S., Chang, C., Huang, J., Khanlari, K., Dong, D., ... & Liu, M. (2021). Effect of building directions on the surface roughness, microstructure, and tribological properties of selective laser melted Inconel 625. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 288, 116878.‌##6-Khajavi, M. R., & Shariat, M. H. (2004). Failure of first stage gas turbine blades. Engineering Failure Analysis, 11(4), 589-597.‌##7-Vanaee M, Ardestani M, Abbasi A. Gas tungsten arc welding of direct quenched wear resistant steel to plain carbon steel and evaluation of its microstructure and wear properties. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran. 2019 Jan 10;4(2):13-22. ##8-Jafari MM, Afsari A, Behgozin SA, Heidari S. The effect of filler metal on the mechanical and tribological properties of AISI 1.6959 steel joint using TIG welding process. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran. 2023 Jan 10;8(2):97-112.##9-Shoja Razavi, S.R., "Laser Coating", Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Publications, 2015.##10-Shoja Razavi, S.R. et al., "Additive manufacturing with direct laser deposition", Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Publications 2018.##11-Borhani, M.R., Shoja-Razavi, R., Kermani, F., Ilanlou.M., Erfanmanesh.M., “Evaluation of wear properties of 17-4ph steel and stellite 6 coatings created by direct laser deposition process on 17-4ph steel substrate”, Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, 18(51), 13-27.##12-Cao, Y., Farouk, N., Taheri, M., Yumashev, A. V., Bozorg, S. F. K., & Ojo, O. O. (2021). Evolution of solidification and microstructure in laser-clad IN625 superalloy powder on GTD-111 superalloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 412, 127010.‌##13- Borhani, M. R., Rajabi, M., Shojarazavi, R., & Jamaati, R. (2023). Statistical modeling in the laser cladding process of Inconel 625 via linear regression and response surface method. Journal of Laser Applications, 35(2), 022024.‌##14-Borhani MR, Rajabi M, Shojarazavi R, Jamaati R., “Evaluation of the effect of the scanning pattern on the texture of Inconel 625 in the direct laser deposition process” , Journal of Surface Sciences and Engineering, 18(51), 39-48.##15-Kermani, F., Shoja-Razavi, R., Zangenemadar, K., Borhani, “Evaluation of the effect of the cladding pattern on the texture of Inconel 718 in direct laser deposition process”, Journal of Surface Sciences and Engineering, 17(50), 17-27.##16-Kermani, F., Shoja-Razavi, R., Zangenemadar, K., Borhani, M., & Gavahian, M. (2023). An investigation into the effect of scanning pattern and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 in the direct metal deposition process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 24, 4743-4755.‌##17-Murray, C. (2013). ASTM G99 Tip’s Perspective Continuous Wear Contact. Today's standard for tomorrow's materials.‌##18-Li, J., & Lu, Y. H. (2013). Effects of displacement amplitude on fretting wear behaviors and mechanism of Inconel 600 alloy. Wear, 304(1-2), 223-230.‌##19-Chung, Ilsup, and Myungho Lee. "An experimental study on fretting wear behavior of cross-contacting Inconel 690 tubes." Nuclear Engineering and Design 241.10 (2011): 4103-4110.##20-Liu, B., Bruni, S., & Lewis, R. (2022). Numerical calculation of wear in rolling contact based on the Archard equation: Effect of contact parameters and consideration of uncertainties. Wear, 490, 204188.‌##21-Hedayatnejad, R., Sabet, H., Rahmati, S., & Golezani, A. S. (2023). Investigating laser power in additive manufacturing (AM-LMD) process on the microstructure and hardness of deposited layers on Inconel738. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 8(2), 155-168.‌##22-Naiju, C. D., & Anil, P. M. (2017). Influence of operating parameters on the reciprocating sliding wear of direct metal deposition (DMD) components using Taguchi method. Procedia engineering, 174, 1016-1027.‌##23-Costa, L., & Vilar, R. (2009). Laser powder deposition. Rapid prototyping journal, 15(4), 264-279.‌##24-Rashkovets, M., Nikulina, A., Turichin, G., Klimova-Korsmik, O., & Sklyar, M. (2018). Microstructure and phase composition of Ni-based alloy obtained by high-speed direct laser deposition. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 27, 6398-6406.‌##25-Wu, K., Sun, W., Tan, A. W. Y., Marinescu, I., Liu, E., & Zhou, W. (2021). An investigation into microstructure, tribological and mechanical properties of cold sprayed Inconel 625 coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology, 424, 127660.‌##26-Ahn, D. G. (2013). Hardfacing technologies for improvement of wear characteristics of hot working tools: A Review. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 14, 1271-1283.‌##27-Riza, S. H., Masood, S. H., & Wen, C. (2016). Wear behaviour of DMD-generated high-strength steels using multi-factor experiment design on a pin-on-disc apparatus. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 87, 461-477.##1-Karmuhilan, M., & Kumanan, S. (2021). A review on additive manufacturing processes of inconel 625. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 1-10.‌##2-Zafar, F., Emadinia, O., Conceição, J., Vieira, M., & Reis, A. (2023). A Review on Direct Laser Deposition of Inconel 625 and Inconel 625-Based Composites—Challenges and Prospects. Metals, 13(4), 787.‌##3-Anil, P. M., & Naiju, C. D. (2019). Sliding Wear Reliability Studies of Inconel 625 Components Manufactured by Direct Metal Deposition (DMD). Procedia Manufacturing, 30, 581-587.‌##4-Ravi, G., Murugan, N., & Arulmani, R. (2020). Microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel-625 slab component fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing. Materials Science and Technology, 36(16), 1785-1795.‌##5-Yan, X., Gao, S., Chang, C., Huang, J., Khanlari, K., Dong, D., ... & Liu, M. (2021). Effect of building directions on the surface roughness, microstructure, and tribological properties of selective laser melted Inconel 625. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 288, 116878.‌##6-Khajavi, M. R., & Shariat, M. H. (2004). Failure of first stage gas turbine blades. Engineering Failure Analysis, 11(4), 589-597.‌##7-Vanaee M, Ardestani M, Abbasi A. Gas tungsten arc welding of direct quenched wear resistant steel to plain carbon steel and evaluation of its microstructure and wear properties. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran. 2019 Jan 10;4(2):13-22. ##8-Jafari MM, Afsari A, Behgozin SA, Heidari S. The effect of filler metal on the mechanical and tribological properties of AISI 1.6959 steel joint using TIG welding process. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran. 2023 Jan 10;8(2):97-112.##9-Shoja Razavi, S.R., "Laser Coating", Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Publications, 2015.##10-Shoja Razavi, S.R. et al., "Additive manufacturing with direct laser deposition", Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Publications 2018.##11-Borhani, M.R., Shoja-Razavi, R., Kermani, F., Ilanlou.M., Erfanmanesh.M., “Evaluation of wear properties of 17-4ph steel and stellite 6 coatings created by direct laser deposition process on 17-4ph steel substrate”, Journal of Surface Science and Engineering, 18(51), 13-27.##12-Cao, Y., Farouk, N., Taheri, M., Yumashev, A. V., Bozorg, S. F. K., & Ojo, O. O. (2021). Evolution of solidification and microstructure in laser-clad IN625 superalloy powder on GTD-111 superalloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 412, 127010.‌##13- Borhani, M. R., Rajabi, M., Shojarazavi, R., & Jamaati, R. (2023). Statistical modeling in the laser cladding process of Inconel 625 via linear regression and response surface method. Journal of Laser Applications, 35(2), 022024.‌##14-Borhani MR, Rajabi M, Shojarazavi R, Jamaati R., “Evaluation of the effect of the scanning pattern on the texture of Inconel 625 in the direct laser deposition process” , Journal of Surface Sciences and Engineering, 18(51), 39-48.##15-Kermani, F., Shoja-Razavi, R., Zangenemadar, K., Borhani, “Evaluation of the effect of the cladding pattern on the texture of Inconel 718 in direct laser deposition process”, Journal of Surface Sciences and Engineering, 17(50), 17-27.##16-Kermani, F., Shoja-Razavi, R., Zangenemadar, K., Borhani, M., & Gavahian, M. (2023). An investigation into the effect of scanning pattern and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Inconel 718 in the direct metal deposition process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 24, 4743-4755.‌##17-Murray, C. (2013). ASTM G99 Tip’s Perspective Continuous Wear Contact. Today's standard for tomorrow's materials.‌##18-Li, J., & Lu, Y. H. (2013). Effects of displacement amplitude on fretting wear behaviors and mechanism of Inconel 600 alloy. Wear, 304(1-2), 223-230.‌##19-Chung, Ilsup, and Myungho Lee. "An experimental study on fretting wear behavior of cross-contacting Inconel 690 tubes." Nuclear Engineering and Design 241.10 (2011): 4103-4110.##20-Liu, B., Bruni, S., & Lewis, R. (2022). Numerical calculation of wear in rolling contact based on the Archard equation: Effect of contact parameters and consideration of uncertainties. Wear, 490, 204188.‌##21-Hedayatnejad, R., Sabet, H., Rahmati, S., & Golezani, A. S. (2023). Investigating laser power in additive manufacturing (AM-LMD) process on the microstructure and hardness of deposited layers on Inconel738. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 8(2), 155-168.‌##22-Naiju, C. D., & Anil, P. M. (2017). Influence of operating parameters on the reciprocating sliding wear of direct metal deposition (DMD) components using Taguchi method. Procedia engineering, 174, 1016-1027.‌##23-Costa, L., & Vilar, R. (2009). Laser powder deposition. Rapid prototyping journal, 15(4), 264-279.‌##24-Rashkovets, M., Nikulina, A., Turichin, G., Klimova-Korsmik, O., & Sklyar, M. (2018). Microstructure and phase composition of Ni-based alloy obtained by high-speed direct laser deposition. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 27, 6398-6406.‌##25-Wu, K., Sun, W., Tan, A. W. Y., Marinescu, I., Liu, E., & Zhou, W. (2021). An investigation into microstructure, tribological and mechanical properties of cold sprayed Inconel 625 coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology, 424, 127660.‌##26-Ahn, D. G. (2013). Hardfacing technologies for improvement of wear characteristics of hot working tools: A Review. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 14, 1271-1283.‌##27-Riza, S. H., Masood, S. H., & Wen, C. (2016). Wear behaviour of DMD-generated high-strength steels using multi-factor experiment design on a pin-on-disc apparatus. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 87, 461-477. ##

بررسی ریزساختار، خواص مکانیکی، رفتار خوردگی اتصال غیرمشابه آلیاژ زیست تخریب پذیر منیزیمAZ31 به آلیاژ Ti-6Al-4V به روش جوشکاری اصطکاکی Investigating the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of dissimilar welding of biodegradable magnesium alloy AZ31 to Ti-6Al-4V alloy by friction welding 1 1 در این تحقیق اتصال غیرمشابه آلیاژ زیست تخریب پذیر AZ31 به آلیاژ تیتانیومی Ti-6Al-4V به روش جوشکاری اصطکاکی چرخشی و با هدف نهایی ساخت پین یا پیچ دو جنسی ارتوپدی مورد بررسی وارزیابی قرار گرفت. از میکروسکوپ نوری و الکترونی روبشی (SEM) برای بررسی ریزساختار، از پراش پرتو ایکس برای آنالیز فازی و از دستگاه آزمون پیچش و دستگاه ریز سختی‌سنج برای بررسی خواص مکانیکی و از آزمایش پلاریزاسیون تافل و امپدانس الکتروشیمیایی برای بررسی مقاومت خوردگی استفاده شد. در عملیات جوشکاری، سرعت‌ دورانی 1100، 1200 و 1300 دور بر دقیقه و زمان اصطکاک 2 و 4 ثانیه به عنوان پارامترهای متغیر، و دو پارامتر فشار اصطکاک و فشار فورج به ترتیب به میزان 50 و 40 مگاپاسکال به عنوان پارامترهای ثابت در نظر گرفته شدند. بررسی ریزساختار منطقه اتصال نشان داد که در قسمت آلیاژ تیتانیوم تقریبا هیچ‌گونه تغییر شکلی وجود ندارد، اما در سمت منیزیم بیشترین میزان تغییر شکل و با فاصله گرفتن از خط اتصال به ترتیب، منطقه اتصال(CZ)، منطقه تغییر شکل جزیی (PDZ)، منطقه متاثر از عملیات ترمومکانیکی(TMAZ)ومنطقه تبلور مجدد دینامیکی (DRX) قابل مشاهده می‌باشند. تشکیل ترکیبات بین فلزی مانند Mg2AlZn، Ti3Al و همچنین ریز شدن دانه‌ها باعث افزایش سختی ناحیه منیزیم مجاور خط اتصال تا 150 ویکرز شد.  نتایج آزمون پیچش نشان داد نمونه جوشکاری شده در شرایط سرعت دوران 1200 دور بر دقیقه و در زمان اصطکاک 4 ثانیه دارای بالاترین میزان استحکام برشی و به مقدار 5/81 مگاپاسگال و همچنین دارای بالاترین مقاومت به خوردگی در بین سایر نمونه‌ها می‌باشد. 2 In this research, dissimilar joining of biodegradable AZ31 alloy to Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy by rotary friction welding method was investigated with aim of preparation of pin or screw for orthopedic applications. optical and scanning electron microscope (sem) were used to investigate the microstructure, x-ray diffraction was conducted for phase analysis, torsion and micro-hardness tests were carried out to investigate mechanical properties, and polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed to evaluate corrosion resistance. in the welding procedure, rotational speed of 1100, 1200 and 1300 rpm and friction time of 2 and 4 seconds were considered as variable parameters, and two parameters of friction pressure and forge pressure were considered as constant parameters at 50 and 40 MPa, respectively. The microstructure of the joint zone showed that there is no deformation in the titanium alloy side. However, in the magnesium side, the greatest amount of deformation occurred with the distance from the joint line, where weld center zone (CZ), dynamic recrystallization zone (DRX), thermomechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and partial deformation zone (PDZ) are detected. The formation of intermetallic phases such as Mg2AlZn, Ti3Al and also the refining the grains size is the main reason for increasing the hardness of the magnesium side near the joint line up to 150 HV. The results of the torsion test showed that the welded sample has the highest shear strength of 81.51 MPa and also the highest corrosion resistance among other samples at a rotation speed of 1200 rpm and a friction time of 4 seconds. 27 38 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/6 1402/2/16 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/18 1402/3/28 آریا اعتمادی A. Etemadi مرکزتحقیقات مواد پیشرفته، دانشکده مهندسی مواد، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران ایران aria.etemadiii@gmail.com مسعود کثیری عسگرانی M. Kasiri-Asgarani مرکزتحقیقات مواد پیشرفته، دانشکده مهندسی مواد، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران ایران m.kasiri.a@gmail.com حمیدرضا بخششی راد H. R. Bakhsheshi-Rad مرکزتحقیقات مواد پیشرفته، دانشکده مهندسی مواد، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران ایران reza.bakhsheshi@gmail.com مجتبی صادقی گوغری M. Sadeghi Gogheri تحقیق و توسعه، مجتمع جهان فولاد سیرجان، سیرجان، ایران. ایران msg8789@gmail.com AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Ti6Al4V titanium Alloy Friction Welding Microstructure Torsion Strength Corrosion. آلیاژ منیزیمی AZ31 آلیاژ تیتانیومی Ti-6Al-4V جوشکاری اصطکاکی ریز ساختار استحکام پیچشی خوردگی. 1-Kulekci, M. K., " Magnesium And Its Alloys Applications in Automotive Industry ", Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 39, pp. 851-856, 2008.##2-Tang, Y., Zhao, X., Jiang, K., Chen, J., Zuo, Y., " The Influences of Duty Cycle on the Bonding Strength of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy by Microarc Oxidation Treatment ", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 205, pp. 1789-1792, 2010.##3-Wang, Y. M. , Guo, J. W., Shao, Z. K., Zhuang, J. P. , Jin, M. S., Wu, C. J. , Wie, D. Q., Zhoua, Y., " A Metasilicate-Based Ceramic Coating Formed on Magnesium Alloy By Microarc Oxidation and Its Corrosion in Simulated Body Fluid", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 219, pp. 8-14, 2013. ##4-Kumar, K., Gill, R., Batra, U.,"Challenges And Opportunities for Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy Implants", Materials Technology, Vol.2, pp.153-172, 2018.##5-Li, M., Ren, L., Li, L., He, P., Lan, G., Zhang, Y., Yang, K., "Cytotoxic Effect on Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells by Degradation of Magnesium", Materials Science & Technology, Vol.30, No. 9, pp.888-893, 2014.##6-Poinern, G. E., Brundavanam, S., Fawcett, D., "Biomedical Magnesium Alloys: A Review of Material Properties, Surface Modifications and Pote Ntial as A Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implant", Biomedical Engineering, No. 2, pp. 218-240, 2012.##7-Chen, Q., Thouas, G. A., "Metallic Implant Biomaterials", Materials Science and Engineering R, pp. 1-57, 2015.##8-Waizy, H., Seitz, J. M., Reifenrath, J. , Weizbauer, A., Bach ,F. W., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., B. Denkena, H. Windhagen, "Biodegradable Magnesium Implants for Orthopedic Applications", Materials Science, Vol.48, No. 1, pp.39-50, 2013.##9-Crosby, K. D. (2013). "Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium for functionally graded orthopedic implant applications." ##10-Song, Y., Shan, D., Chen, R., Zhang, F., Han, E. H., "Biodegradable Behaviors of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid", Materials Science and Engineering: C, Vol.29, No. 3, pp.1039-1045, 2009.##11-Zhou, L., Nakata, K., Liao, J., Tsumura, T., " Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Non-Combustive Mg–9Al–Zn–Ca Magnesium Alloy Friction Stir Welded Joints", Materials and Design, Vol. 42, pp. 505-512, 2012.##12-Lakshminarayanan, A., Saranarayanan, Srinivas, R., V. K., Venkatraman, B., "Characteristics of Friction Welded AZ31B Magnesium–Commercial Pure Titanium Dissimilar Joints", Magnesium and Alloys, Vol.3, No. 3, pp.315-321, 2015.##13-Li, W., Vairis, A., Preuss, M., Ma, T.,"Rotary Friction Welding Review", International Materials, Vol.61, No. 2, pp.1 -30, 2016.##14-Luo, Z., Hao, Z., Ni, D. R., Xu, Z., "Friction Stir Welding Effect on Transverse Rigidity and Sound Transmission Characteristics of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy", Transactions of Tianjin University, Vol.21, pp.64-68, 2015.##15-Li R D, Long L J, Tao X J, Sheng Z F, Ke Z, Zhong J C. Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg−Ti rotating friction welding process [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012 22: 2665−2671.##16-Mojtaba Sadeghi G. M., M. Kasiri-asgarani, H. R. Bakhsheshi-rad, H. Ghayour, M. Rafiei, "Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg-Ti rotating friction welding process", Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, Vol.30, pp.2952-2966, 2020.##17-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys, ASTM International, ASTM E407-2017, 2017.##18-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature, ASTM International, 2017##19-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials, ASTM International, 2017. ##20-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements, ASTM International, 2017.##21-Fukumoto S, Tanaka S, Ono T, Tsubakino H, Tomita T, Aritoshi M, Okita K. Microstructural development in friction welded AZ31 magnesium alloy. Materials Transactions, 2006, 47(4): 1071−1076.##22- LI W, VAIRIS A, PREUSS M, MA T. Linear and rotary friction welding review. International Materials Reviews, 2016, 61(2): 1−30.##23-J.L.Murray, "The Mg−Ti (Magnesium-Titanium) system", Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 7, pp. 245-248, 1986.##24- Gogheri, M. S., et al. (2020). "In Vitro Corrosion Behavior and Cytotoxicity of Polycaprolactone–Akermanite-Coated Friction-Welded Commercially Pure Ti/AZ31 for Orthopedic Applications." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29(9): 6053-6065.##25- Li R D, Long L J, Tao X J, Sheng Z F, KE Z, Zhong J C. Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg−Ti rotating friction welding process. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012,##26-Sadeghi. M., Kasiri, M., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Ghayiur, H., Rafiei, M., "Mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of orthopedic pure titanium−magnesium alloy”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2020,30 (2952-2966).##1-Kulekci, M. K., " Magnesium And Its Alloys Applications in Automotive Industry ", Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 39, pp. 851-856, 2008.##2-Tang, Y., Zhao, X., Jiang, K., Chen, J., Zuo, Y., " The Influences of Duty Cycle on the Bonding Strength of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy by Microarc Oxidation Treatment ", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 205, pp. 1789-1792, 2010.##3-Wang, Y. M. , Guo, J. W., Shao, Z. K., Zhuang, J. P. , Jin, M. S., Wu, C. J. , Wie, D. Q., Zhoua, Y., " A Metasilicate-Based Ceramic Coating Formed on Magnesium Alloy By Microarc Oxidation and Its Corrosion in Simulated Body Fluid", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 219, pp. 8-14, 2013. ##4-Kumar, K., Gill, R., Batra, U.,"Challenges And Opportunities for Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy Implants", Materials Technology, Vol.2, pp.153-172, 2018.##5-Li, M., Ren, L., Li, L., He, P., Lan, G., Zhang, Y., Yang, K., "Cytotoxic Effect on Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells by Degradation of Magnesium", Materials Science & Technology, Vol.30, No. 9, pp.888-893, 2014.##6-Poinern, G. E., Brundavanam, S., Fawcett, D., "Biomedical Magnesium Alloys: A Review of Material Properties, Surface Modifications and Pote Ntial as A Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implant", Biomedical Engineering, No. 2, pp. 218-240, 2012.##7-Chen, Q., Thouas, G. A., "Metallic Implant Biomaterials", Materials Science and Engineering R, pp. 1-57, 2015.##8-Waizy, H., Seitz, J. M., Reifenrath, J. , Weizbauer, A., Bach ,F. W., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., B. Denkena, H. Windhagen, "Biodegradable Magnesium Implants for Orthopedic Applications", Materials Science, Vol.48, No. 1, pp.39-50, 2013.##9-Crosby, K. D. (2013). "Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium for functionally graded orthopedic implant applications." ##10-Song, Y., Shan, D., Chen, R., Zhang, F., Han, E. H., "Biodegradable Behaviors of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid", Materials Science and Engineering: C, Vol.29, No. 3, pp.1039-1045, 2009.##11-Zhou, L., Nakata, K., Liao, J., Tsumura, T., " Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Non-Combustive Mg–9Al–Zn–Ca Magnesium Alloy Friction Stir Welded Joints", Materials and Design, Vol. 42, pp. 505-512, 2012.##12-Lakshminarayanan, A., Saranarayanan, Srinivas, R., V. K., Venkatraman, B., "Characteristics of Friction Welded AZ31B Magnesium–Commercial Pure Titanium Dissimilar Joints", Magnesium and Alloys, Vol.3, No. 3, pp.315-321, 2015.##13-Li, W., Vairis, A., Preuss, M., Ma, T.,"Rotary Friction Welding Review", International Materials, Vol.61, No. 2, pp.1 -30, 2016.##14-Luo, Z., Hao, Z., Ni, D. R., Xu, Z., "Friction Stir Welding Effect on Transverse Rigidity and Sound Transmission Characteristics of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy", Transactions of Tianjin University, Vol.21, pp.64-68, 2015.##15-Li R D, Long L J, Tao X J, Sheng Z F, Ke Z, Zhong J C. Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg−Ti rotating friction welding process [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012 22: 2665−2671.##16-Mojtaba Sadeghi G. M., M. Kasiri-asgarani, H. R. Bakhsheshi-rad, H. Ghayour, M. Rafiei, "Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg-Ti rotating friction welding process", Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, Vol.30, pp.2952-2966, 2020.##17-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys, ASTM International, ASTM E407-2017, 2017.##18-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature, ASTM International, 2017##19-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials, ASTM International, 2017. ##20-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements, ASTM International, 2017.##21-Fukumoto S, Tanaka S, Ono T, Tsubakino H, Tomita T, Aritoshi M, Okita K. Microstructural development in friction welded AZ31 magnesium alloy. Materials Transactions, 2006, 47(4): 1071−1076.##22- LI W, VAIRIS A, PREUSS M, MA T. Linear and rotary friction welding review. International Materials Reviews, 2016, 61(2): 1−30.##23-J.L.Murray, "The Mg−Ti (Magnesium-Titanium) system", Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 7, pp. 245-248, 1986.##24- Gogheri, M. S., et al. (2020). "In Vitro Corrosion Behavior and Cytotoxicity of Polycaprolactone–Akermanite-Coated Friction-Welded Commercially Pure Ti/AZ31 for Orthopedic Applications." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29(9): 6053-6065.##25- Li R D, Long L J, Tao X J, Sheng Z F, KE Z, Zhong J C. Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg−Ti rotating friction welding process. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012,##26-Sadeghi. M., Kasiri, M., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Ghayiur, H., Rafiei, M., "Mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of orthopedic pure titanium−magnesium alloy”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2020,30 (2952-2966). ##

ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال نامشابه آلیاژهای AA5052 و AA6061 به روش جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی Microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar joining of AA5052 and AA6061 by friction stir welding 1 1 آلیاژهای سری 5xxx و 6xxx از پرکاربردترین آلیاژهای آلومینیوم در صنایع مختلف از جمله صنایع خودرو، کشتی‌سازی و هواپیمایی است. در این پژوهش اتصال دو آلیاژ AA6061-T6 و AA5052-H12 در چهار سرعت انتقالی 60، 90، 120 و 180 میلی‌متر بر دقیقه و سه سرعت چرخشی 600، 800 و 1000 دور بر دقیقه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این بررسی‌ها در شرایطی انجام شد که هر کدام از دو آلیاژ در دو سمت پیشرونده و پسرونده قرار گرفته باشد. نتایج این بررسی‌ها نشان داد که بیشترین استحکام کششی در شرایطی است که نمونه AA5052 در سمت پیشرونده قرار گرفته و سرعت انتقالی 90 میلی‌متر بر دقیقه و سرعت چرخشی 600 دور بر دقیقه باشد و در این حالت مقدار استحکام نهایی کششی برابر با 197 مگاپاسکال است. علاوه بر این نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که به طور کلی با افزایش سرعت انتقالی در سرعت چرخشی ثابت استحکام کششی کاهش و با افزایش سرعت چرخشی در سرعت انتقالی ثابت، استحکام کششی افزایش می‌یابد. علاوه بر این از مقاطع تمام نمونه‌ها بررسی میکروسکوپی و ماکروسکوپی به عمل آمد و نواحی و عیوب مختلف بررسی شد. با توجه به بررسی‌های انجام شده بر ریزساختار، اندازه دانه‌ها در دکمه جوش نسبت به فلز پایه، HAZ و TMAZ کاهش یافت. اندازه دانه در HAZ در تمامی نمونه‌ها بیشترین مقدار را نسبت به مناطق دیگر دارد و این سبب کاهش استحکام جوش در این منطقه شود. 2 5xxx and 6xxx series alloys are among the most widely used aluminum alloys in various industries, including automobile, shipbuilding and aviation industries. In this research, the joint of two alloys AA6061-T6 and AA5052-H12 was investigated at 4 transmission speeds of 60, 90, 120 and 180 mm/min and 3 rotation speeds of 600, 800 and 1000 rpm. These investigations were carried out in the condition that each of the two alloys was placed in two progressive and regressive sides. The results of these studies showed that the highest tensile strength is when the AA5052 sample is placed on the advancing side and the transfer speed is 90 mm/min and the rotation speed is 600 rpm, and in this case, the final tensile strength value is equal to 197 MPa. In addition, the results showed that, generally, the tensile strength decreases with an increase in the transmission speed at a constant rotational speed, and with an increase in the rotational speed at a constant transmission speed, the tensile strength increases. In addition, microscopic and macroscopic examination of the sections of all samples was performed and various areas and defects were examined. According to the investigations carried out on the microstructure, the grain size in the weld nugget compared to the base metal, HAZ and TMAZ decreases. The grain size in HAZ is the largest in all samples, and this causes a decrease in weld strength in this zone. 39 51 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/21 1401/12/2 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/18 1402/3/28 محمدرضا حاجیها M.R. Hajiha دانشکده مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر (پلی تکنیک تهران)، تهران، ایران. ایران mohammadrezahajiha244@gmail.com علی فرزادی A. Farzadi دانشکده مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر (پلی تکنیک تهران)، تهران، ایران. ایران farzadi@aut.ac.ir سیدعلی صمدانی اقذم S. A. Samadani Agdam دانشکده مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر (پلی تکنیک تهران)، تهران، ایران. ایران s.a.samadani@aut.ac.ir امیرحسین شعبان زاده A. Shabanzadeh دانشکده مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر (پلی تکنیک تهران)، تهران، ایران. ایران amirhossein.shabanzadeh@ensam.eu سحر رمضانی S. Ramezani دانشکده مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر (پلی تکنیک تهران)، تهران، ایران. ایران sahar.ramezanii123@gmail.com Friction stir welding Aluminum alloys 5000 series 6000 sries Mechanical properties جوشکاری اصکاکی اغتشاشی آلیاژهای آلومینیم سری 5000 سری 6000 خواص مکانیکی. 1-Kulekci, M. K., " Magnesium And Its Alloys Applications in Automotive Industry ", Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 39, pp. 851-856, 2008.##2-Tang, Y., Zhao, X., Jiang, K., Chen, J., Zuo, Y., " The Influences of Duty Cycle on the Bonding Strength of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy by Microarc Oxidation Treatment ", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 205, pp. 1789-1792, 2010.##3-Wang, Y. M. , Guo, J. W., Shao, Z. K., Zhuang, J. P. , Jin, M. S., Wu, C. J. , Wie, D. Q., Zhoua, Y., " A Metasilicate-Based Ceramic Coating Formed on Magnesium Alloy By Microarc Oxidation and Its Corrosion in Simulated Body Fluid", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 219, pp. 8-14, 2013. ##4-Kumar, K., Gill, R., Batra, U.,"Challenges And Opportunities for Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy Implants", Materials Technology, Vol.2, pp.153-172, 2018.##5-Li, M., Ren, L., Li, L., He, P., Lan, G., Zhang, Y., Yang, K., "Cytotoxic Effect on Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells by Degradation of Magnesium", Materials Science & Technology, Vol.30, No. 9, pp.888-893, 2014.##6-Poinern, G. E., Brundavanam, S., Fawcett, D., "Biomedical Magnesium Alloys: A Review of Material Properties, Surface Modifications and Pote Ntial as A Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implant", Biomedical Engineering, No. 2, pp. 218-240, 2012.##7-Chen, Q., Thouas, G. A., "Metallic Implant Biomaterials", Materials Science and Engineering R, pp. 1-57, 2015.##8-Waizy, H., Seitz, J. M., Reifenrath, J. , Weizbauer, A., Bach ,F. W., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., B. Denkena, H. Windhagen, "Biodegradable Magnesium Implants for Orthopedic Applications", Materials Science, Vol.48, No. 1, pp.39-50, 2013.##9-Crosby, K. D. (2013). "Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium for functionally graded orthopedic implant applications." https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/218.##10-Song, Y., Shan, D., Chen, R., Zhang, F., Han, E. H., "Biodegradable Behaviors of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid", Materials Science and Engineering: C, Vol.29, No. 3, pp.1039-1045, 2009.##11-Zhou, L., Nakata, K., Liao, J., Tsumura, T., " Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Non-Combustive Mg–9Al–Zn–Ca Magnesium Alloy Friction Stir Welded Joints", Materials and Design, Vol. 42, pp. 505-512, 2012.##12-Lakshminarayanan, A., Saranarayanan, Srinivas, R., V. K., Venkatraman, B., "Characteristics of Friction Welded AZ31B Magnesium–Commercial Pure Titanium Dissimilar Joints", Magnesium and Alloys, Vol.3, No. 3, pp.315-321, 2015.##13-Li, W., Vairis, A., Preuss, M., Ma, T.,"Rotary Friction Welding Review", International Materials, Vol.61, No. 2, pp.1 -30, 2016.##14-Luo, Z., Hao, Z., Ni, D. R., Xu, Z., "Friction Stir Welding Effect on Transverse Rigidity and Sound Transmission Characteristics of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy", Transactions of Tianjin University, Vol.21, pp.64-68, 2015.##15-Li R D, Long L J, Tao X J, Sheng Z F, Ke Z, Zhong J C. Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg−Ti rotating friction welding process [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012 22: 2665−2671.##16-Mojtaba Sadeghi G. M., M. Kasiri-asgarani, H. R. Bakhsheshi-rad, H. Ghayour, M. Rafiei, "Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg-Ti rotating friction welding process", Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, Vol.30, pp.2952-2966, 2020.##17-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys, ASTM International, ASTM E407-2017, 2017.##18-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature, ASTM International, 2017##19-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials, ASTM International, 2017. ##20-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements, ASTM International, 2017.##21-Fukumoto S, Tanaka S, Ono T, Tsubakino H, Tomita T, Aritoshi M, Okita K. Microstructural development in friction welded AZ31 magnesium alloy. Materials Transactions, 2006, 47(4): 1071−1076.##22- LI W, VAIRIS A, PREUSS M, MA T. Linear and rotary friction welding review. International Materials Reviews, 2016, 61(2): 1−30.##23-J.L.Murray, "The Mg−Ti (Magnesium-Titanium) system", Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 7, pp. 245-248, 1986.##24- Gogheri, M. S., et al. (2020). "In Vitro Corrosion Behavior and Cytotoxicity of Polycaprolactone–Akermanite-Coated Friction-Welded Commercially Pure Ti/AZ31 for Orthopedic Applications." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29(9): 6053-6065.##25- Li R D, Long L J, Tao X J, Sheng Z F, KE Z, Zhong J C. Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg−Ti rotating friction welding process. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012,##26-Sadeghi. M., Kasiri, M., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Ghayiur, H., Rafiei, M., "Mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of orthopedic pure titanium−magnesium alloy”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2020,30 (2952-2966).##1-Kulekci, M. K., " Magnesium And Its Alloys Applications in Automotive Industry ", Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 39, pp. 851-856, 2008.##2-Tang, Y., Zhao, X., Jiang, K., Chen, J., Zuo, Y., " The Influences of Duty Cycle on the Bonding Strength of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy by Microarc Oxidation Treatment ", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 205, pp. 1789-1792, 2010.##3-Wang, Y. M. , Guo, J. W., Shao, Z. K., Zhuang, J. P. , Jin, M. S., Wu, C. J. , Wie, D. Q., Zhoua, Y., " A Metasilicate-Based Ceramic Coating Formed on Magnesium Alloy By Microarc Oxidation and Its Corrosion in Simulated Body Fluid", Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 219, pp. 8-14, 2013. ##4-Kumar, K., Gill, R., Batra, U.,"Challenges And Opportunities for Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy Implants", Materials Technology, Vol.2, pp.153-172, 2018.##5-Li, M., Ren, L., Li, L., He, P., Lan, G., Zhang, Y., Yang, K., "Cytotoxic Effect on Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells by Degradation of Magnesium", Materials Science & Technology, Vol.30, No. 9, pp.888-893, 2014.##6-Poinern, G. E., Brundavanam, S., Fawcett, D., "Biomedical Magnesium Alloys: A Review of Material Properties, Surface Modifications and Pote Ntial as A Biodegradable Orthopaedic Implant", Biomedical Engineering, No. 2, pp. 218-240, 2012.##7-Chen, Q., Thouas, G. A., "Metallic Implant Biomaterials", Materials Science and Engineering R, pp. 1-57, 2015.##8-Waizy, H., Seitz, J. M., Reifenrath, J. , Weizbauer, A., Bach ,F. W., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., B. Denkena, H. Windhagen, "Biodegradable Magnesium Implants for Orthopedic Applications", Materials Science, Vol.48, No. 1, pp.39-50, 2013.##9-Crosby, K. D. (2013). "Titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium for functionally graded orthopedic implant applications." https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/218.##10-Song, Y., Shan, D., Chen, R., Zhang, F., Han, E. H., "Biodegradable Behaviors of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy in Simulated Body Fluid", Materials Science and Engineering: C, Vol.29, No. 3, pp.1039-1045, 2009.##11-Zhou, L., Nakata, K., Liao, J., Tsumura, T., " Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Non-Combustive Mg–9Al–Zn–Ca Magnesium Alloy Friction Stir Welded Joints", Materials and Design, Vol. 42, pp. 505-512, 2012.##12-Lakshminarayanan, A., Saranarayanan, Srinivas, R., V. K., Venkatraman, B., "Characteristics of Friction Welded AZ31B Magnesium–Commercial Pure Titanium Dissimilar Joints", Magnesium and Alloys, Vol.3, No. 3, pp.315-321, 2015.##13-Li, W., Vairis, A., Preuss, M., Ma, T.,"Rotary Friction Welding Review", International Materials, Vol.61, No. 2, pp.1 -30, 2016.##14-Luo, Z., Hao, Z., Ni, D. R., Xu, Z., "Friction Stir Welding Effect on Transverse Rigidity and Sound Transmission Characteristics of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy", Transactions of Tianjin University, Vol.21, pp.64-68, 2015.##15-Li R D, Long L J, Tao X J, Sheng Z F, Ke Z, Zhong J C. Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg−Ti rotating friction welding process [J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012 22: 2665−2671.##16-Mojtaba Sadeghi G. M., M. Kasiri-asgarani, H. R. Bakhsheshi-rad, H. Ghayour, M. Rafiei, "Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg-Ti rotating friction welding process", Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, Vol.30, pp.2952-2966, 2020.##17-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys, ASTM International, ASTM E407-2017, 2017.##18-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature, ASTM International, 2017##19-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials, ASTM International, 2017. ##20-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization Resistance Measurements, ASTM International, 2017.##21-Fukumoto S, Tanaka S, Ono T, Tsubakino H, Tomita T, Aritoshi M, Okita K. Microstructural development in friction welded AZ31 magnesium alloy. Materials Transactions, 2006, 47(4): 1071−1076.##22- LI W, VAIRIS A, PREUSS M, MA T. Linear and rotary friction welding review. International Materials Reviews, 2016, 61(2): 1−30.##23-J.L.Murray, "The Mg−Ti (Magnesium-Titanium) system", Bull Alloy Phase Diagrams Vol. 7, pp. 245-248, 1986.##24- Gogheri, M. S., et al. (2020). "In Vitro Corrosion Behavior and Cytotoxicity of Polycaprolactone–Akermanite-Coated Friction-Welded Commercially Pure Ti/AZ31 for Orthopedic Applications." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29(9): 6053-6065.##25- Li R D, Long L J, Tao X J, Sheng Z F, KE Z, Zhong J C. Friction heat production and atom diffusion behaviors during Mg−Ti rotating friction welding process. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012,##26-Sadeghi. M., Kasiri, M., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Ghayiur, H., Rafiei, M., "Mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of orthopedic pure titanium−magnesium alloy”. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2020,30 (2952-2966). ##

بررسی اثر متغیرهای جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی بر ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال آلیاژ AZ91 به تیتانیوم خالص تجاری The effect of the FSW variables on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the AZ91/CP-Ti joint 1 1 به منظور بررسی تاثیر پارامترهای سرعت چرخشی و زاویه ابزار بر ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال آلیاژ AZ91 منیزیم به تیتانیوم خالص تجاری،  ورق هایی در ابعاد 4×26×100 میلیمتر آماده سازی شدند. پارامترهای متغیر در این مطالعه سرعت چرخشی (800، 1200 و 2500 دور بر دقیقه) و زاویه ابزار (5/0، 1 و 3 درجه) تعیین شده و سرعت پیشروی ثابت و برابر 32 میلیمتر بر دقیقه در نظر گرفته شد. پس از اجرای جوشکاری نمونه‌ها جهت انجام بررسی‌های ریزساختاری و خواص مکانیکی (سختی و کشش) بر طبق استاندارد مربوطه آماده سازی شدند. بررسی‌های ریزساختاری نشان داد که ساختار ناحیه جوش CP-Ti/AZ91 شامل دانه‌های کشیده آلفا بوده و ریزساختار منطقه اختلاط یافته در سمت آلیاژ منیزیم شامل دانه‌های هم محور α - منیزیم همراه با ترکیبات بین فلزی Mg17Al12 در زمینه می‌باشد. نتایج حاصل از آزمون کشش نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار استحکام کششی (160 مگاپاسکال) مربوط به سرعت چرخشی 2500 دور بر دقیقه و زاویه پین 1 درجه می‌باشد. همچنین مشخص شد که سرعت چرخشی 800 دور بر دقیقه همراه با سرعت پیشروی 32 میلیمتر بر دقیقه جهت جوشکاری نمونه‌های AZ91 به تیتانیوم خالص تجاری مناسب نبوده بطوری‌که این نمونه‌ها در حین فرایند آماده‌سازی دچار شکست شدند. از طرفی مشاهده شد که افزایش زاویه ابزار نسبت به قطعه کار در ابتدا منجر به افزایش استحکام قطعه از 141 مگاپاسکال به 160 مگاپاسکال شده و سپس تا 132 مگاپاسکال کاهش می‌یابد. از طرف دیگر نتایج حاصل از آزمون سختی سنجی ویکرز نشان داد که عدد سختی منطقه جوش به طور میانگین برابر 173 ویکرز بوده  و از سختی آلیاژ AZ91 (61 ویکرز) بیشتر و به سختی آلیاژ تیتانیوم (167 ویکرز) نزدیک می‌باشد. 2 In this study the effect of rotational speed and tool angle parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the AZ91/CP-Ti joint was investigated, for this reason the sheets with 4 x 26 x 100 mm dimensions were prepared and joint by FSW with different rotational speed (800, 1200 and 2500 rpm) and the tool angle (0.5, 1 and 3 degrees). After joining, the samples were cut and prepared for study of microstructural and mechanical properties. OM and SEM examination shows that the structure of AZ91/CP-Ti nugget zone includes alpha grains and the microstructure of the mix zone on the AZ91 side includes α-magnesium coaxial grains with Mg17Al12 intermetallic compounds. The results of the tensile test show that the maximum tensile strength value (160 MPa) related to the rotation speed of 2500 rpm and the tool angle of 1 degree. It was also determined that the rotation speed of 800 rpm was not suitable for joining of AZ91/CP-Ti. On the other hand, it was observed that by increasing the  tool angle the work piece, initially leads to an increases the strength from 141 MPa to 160 MPa and then decreases to 132 MPa. the results of the Vickers hardness test show that the average of the nugget zone hardness was to 173, which is higher than the hardness of AZ91 alloy (61 Vickers) and near to the hardness of CP-Ti (167 Vickers). 53 64 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/212023/05/17 1402/2/27 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/182023/08/23 1402/6/1 پدرام چمنی P. Chamani گروه مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران ایران p.chamani1269@gmail.com حامد ثابت H. Sabet گروه مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران ایران h-sabet@kiau.ac.ir محسن قنبری حقیقی M. Ghanbari Haghighi مرکز تحقیقاتی مهندسی مواد پیشرفته ،واحد کرج ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ، کرج ، ایران. ایران mohsen.ghanbari@gmail.com FSW AZ91 CP-Ti Rotational speed Tool angle جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی آلیاژ AZ91 تیتانیوم خالص تجاری سرعت چرخشی 1-Lee W., Lee C., Chang W., Yeon Y., Jung S., ''Microstructural Investigation of FSW pure titanium'', Materals Transaction Let, 2005, vol. 59, pp. 3315-3318.##2-Mishra R. S., Ma Z. Y.,'' FSW and processing'', Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. R50, pp. 1-78, 2005.##3-Heidarzadeh, A., Minorov, S., et al., "Friction stir welding/processing of metals and alloys : A comprenhensive review on microstructureal evolution", Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 117, No. 100752, pp. 1-24, 2021.##4-Dialami, N., Cervera, M., Chiumenti, M., "Defect formation and material flow in friction stir welding", European journal of mechanics – A/Solids, Vol. 80, No. 103912, pp. 1-13, 2020. ##5- Chen, J., Wang, X., Shi, L., "Numerical simulation of weld formation in friction stir welding based on non-uniform tool-workpiece interaction: An effect of tool pin size", Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 86, pp. 85-97, 2023.##6- Jia, H., Wu, K., Sun, Y., "Numerical and experimental study on the thermal process, material flow and welding defects during high-speed friction stir welding", Materials today communications, Vol. 31, No. 103526, pp. 48-59, 2022.##7- Zhai, M., Wu, C., Su, H., "Influence of tool tilt angle on heat transfer and material flow in friction stir welding", Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 59, pp. 98-112, 2022.##8- Yang, C., Wu, C., Shi, L., "Modeling the dissimilar material flow and mixing in friction stir welding of aluminum to magnesium alloys", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 843, No. 156021, pp. 1-23, 2020.##9- Chen, G., Ma, Q., Zhang, S., "Computational fluid dynamics simulation of friction stir welding: A comparative study on different frictional boundary conditions", Journal of materials science and technology, Vol. 34, Issue 1, pp. 128-134, 2018.##10-Wenya, Y., Gao, F.,"Effect of FSW process on anisotropic of titanium allou T-joint", Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 25-33, 2021.##11- Gite, R. A., Loharkar, P., " Friction Stir Welding parameters and application: A review", Materialstoday: Proceedings, Vol. 19, Part 2, pp. 361-365, 2019.##12- Satheesh, C., Sevvel, P., Senthil, R,. "Experimental identification of optimized process parameters for FSW of AZ91C Mg alloy using quadratic regression models", Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol 66, Issue 12, pp. 736- 51, 2020.##13- Morishige, T., Kawaguchi, A., "Dissimlar welding of Al and Mg alloys by FSW", Mater. Trans.,Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 1129-1131, 2008.##14- Zhang, M., Kelly, P., "Crystallography of γ-Mg17Al12 precipitates in AZ91D alloy", Scripta Materialia, Vol. 48, Issue 5, pp. 647-652, 2003. ##15-Nakata, K., Aonuma, M., "Effect of alloying elements on interface microstructure of Mg-Al-Zn Magnesium alloys and titanium joint by friction stir welding", Materials Science and Engineering: B, Vol. 161, Issues 1-3, pp. 46-49, 2009.##16- Chen, T., Zhu, Z., Li, Y., Ma, Y., Hao, Y., "Friction stir processing of thixoformed AZ91D magnesium alloy and fabrication of Al-rich surface", Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 20, Issue 1, pp. 34-42, 2010.##17-Aonuma, M., Morikawa, K., "Interfacial microstructure of CP-Ti and AZ31 joint by friction stir welding", Quarterly Journal of the Japan welding society, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 96-99, 2013.##18- Iwaszko, J., Kudla, K., "Microstructure, hardness, and wear resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy produced by friction stir processing with air-cooling", The international journal of advanced manufacturing Pure technology, Vo. 116, pp. 1309-1323, 2021.##19-Reshad, S, Besharati, G., Nasiri, A.M., "Investigations on the pEffects of the Tool Material, Geometry, and Tilt Angle on Friction Stir Welding of Titanium", J. Mater. Eng. Perform, Vol. 19, pp.955-962, 2010.##20-Hadadpour, M., Mousavizadeh,S “Different mechanisms of the microstructure development by FSP of the AZ91 cast magnesium alloy” 3rd International Conference on Engineering Materials and Metallurgy-Tehran, Iran, 2014.##1-Lee W., Lee C., Chang W., Yeon Y., Jung S., ''Microstructural Investigation of FSW pure titanium'', Materals Transaction Let, 2005, vol. 59, pp. 3315-3318.##2-Mishra R. S., Ma Z. Y.,'' FSW and processing'', Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. R50, pp. 1-78, 2005.##3-Heidarzadeh, A., Minorov, S., et al., "Friction stir welding/processing of metals and alloys : A comprenhensive review on microstructureal evolution", Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 117, No. 100752, pp. 1-24, 2021.##4-Dialami, N., Cervera, M., Chiumenti, M., "Defect formation and material flow in friction stir welding", European journal of mechanics – A/Solids, Vol. 80, No. 103912, pp. 1-13, 2020. ##5- Chen, J., Wang, X., Shi, L., "Numerical simulation of weld formation in friction stir welding based on non-uniform tool-workpiece interaction: An effect of tool pin size", Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 86, pp. 85-97, 2023.##6- Jia, H., Wu, K., Sun, Y., "Numerical and experimental study on the thermal process, material flow and welding defects during high-speed friction stir welding", Materials today communications, Vol. 31, No. 103526, pp. 48-59, 2022.##7- Zhai, M., Wu, C., Su, H., "Influence of tool tilt angle on heat transfer and material flow in friction stir welding", Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 59, pp. 98-112, 2022.##8- Yang, C., Wu, C., Shi, L., "Modeling the dissimilar material flow and mixing in friction stir welding of aluminum to magnesium alloys", Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 843, No. 156021, pp. 1-23, 2020.##9- Chen, G., Ma, Q., Zhang, S., "Computational fluid dynamics simulation of friction stir welding: A comparative study on different frictional boundary conditions", Journal of materials science and technology, Vol. 34, Issue 1, pp. 128-134, 2018.##10-Wenya, Y., Gao, F.,"Effect of FSW process on anisotropic of titanium allou T-joint", Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 25-33, 2021.##11- Gite, R. A., Loharkar, P., " Friction Stir Welding parameters and application: A review", Materialstoday: Proceedings, Vol. 19, Part 2, pp. 361-365, 2019.##12- Satheesh, C., Sevvel, P., Senthil, R,. "Experimental identification of optimized process parameters for FSW of AZ91C Mg alloy using quadratic regression models", Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol 66, Issue 12, pp. 736- 51, 2020.##13- Morishige, T., Kawaguchi, A., "Dissimlar welding of Al and Mg alloys by FSW", Mater. Trans.,Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 1129-1131, 2008.##14- Zhang, M., Kelly, P., "Crystallography of γ-Mg17Al12 precipitates in AZ91D alloy", Scripta Materialia, Vol. 48, Issue 5, pp. 647-652, 2003. ##15-Nakata, K., Aonuma, M., "Effect of alloying elements on interface microstructure of Mg-Al-Zn Magnesium alloys and titanium joint by friction stir welding", Materials Science and Engineering: B, Vol. 161, Issues 1-3, pp. 46-49, 2009.##16- Chen, T., Zhu, Z., Li, Y., Ma, Y., Hao, Y., "Friction stir processing of thixoformed AZ91D magnesium alloy and fabrication of Al-rich surface", Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, Vol. 20, Issue 1, pp. 34-42, 2010.##17-Aonuma, M., Morikawa, K., "Interfacial microstructure of CP-Ti and AZ31 joint by friction stir welding", Quarterly Journal of the Japan welding society, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 96-99, 2013.##18- Iwaszko, J., Kudla, K., "Microstructure, hardness, and wear resistance of AZ91 magnesium alloy produced by friction stir processing with air-cooling", The international journal of advanced manufacturing Pure technology, Vo. 116, pp. 1309-1323, 2021.##19-Reshad, S, Besharati, G., Nasiri, A.M., "Investigations on the pEffects of the Tool Material, Geometry, and Tilt Angle on Friction Stir Welding of Titanium", J. Mater. Eng. Perform, Vol. 19, pp.955-962, 2010.##20-Hadadpour, M., Mousavizadeh,S “Different mechanisms of the microstructure development by FSP of the AZ91 cast magnesium alloy” 3rd International Conference on Engineering Materials and Metallurgy-Tehran, Iran, 2014. ##

بررسی ریزساختاری و خواص مکانیکی اتصال غیرهمجنس لیزر ضربانی Nd:YAG مونل 400 به نایمونیک 75 Investigating the microstructure and mechanical properties of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of Monel 400 to Nimonic 75 1 1 در این پژوهش، اتصال غیرهمجنس ابرآلیاژ نایمونیک 75 به مونل 400 با ضخامت 1 میلی‌متر به روش جوشکاری لیزر ضربانی Nd:YAG مورد پژوهش قرار گرفت. با آزمون‌های میکروسکوپ نوری و الکترونی روبشی، پراش پرتو ایکس، میکرو سختی سنجی و آزمون کشش خواص مکانیکی اتصال بررسی شد. در مورد جوشکاری غیرهمجنس ابر آلیاژ نایموینک 75 به مونل400 عیوبی مانند ترک ذوبی و تخلخل در نمونه‌های جوشکاری شده مشاهده شد که با افزایش دمای پیشگرم و کاهش حرارت ورودی این عیوب رفع شدند. نتایج نشان داد، برای رسیدن به عمق نفوذ مناسب، ولتاژ، پهنای زمانی ضربان، بسامد ضربان و سرعت جوشکاری به ترتیب 500 ولت، 9میلی‌ثانیه، 3 هرتز و 0.9 میلیمتر بر ثانیه انتخاب شود. همچنین بررسی‌های انجام شده نشان می‌دهد که ساختار حاصل از جوشکاری، از زمینه آستنیتی حاوی دندریت‌های ستونی و در برخی مناطق سلولی تشکیل‌شده است. خصوصیات مکانیکی فلزجوش، پس از اتصال کاهش یافته و جدایش موجب تغییر در مقدار عناصر و پیدایش ترکیبات بین فلزی در فواصل بین دندریت‌ها و سلول‌ها می‌گردد. همه نمونه‌های غیرهمجنس در آزمون کشش از ناحیه فلز جوش دچار شکست گردیدند. 2 In this study, non-homogenous welding of nimonic 75 superalloy to Monel 400 with 1 mm thickness was investigated with pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding. The mechanical properties of the joint were analyzed with optical and scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, micro-hardness test and tensile test. In the case of non-homogeneous welding of Nimoinc 75 superalloy to Monel 400, defects such as liquation cracks and porosity in the welded samples were observed. these defects were removed with increasing the preheating temperature and decreasing the heat input. The results showed the voltage, pulse width, pulse frequency and welding speed should be selected as 500 volts, 9 milliseconds, 3 Hz and 0.9 mm/s respectively to reach the proper penetration depth. Also, the investigations show that the welding structure is composed of austenitic matrix containing columnar dendrites and some cellular areas. The mechanical properties of the weld metal were reduced after joining and segregation causes a change in the amount of elements and the appearance of intermetallic compounds in the spaces between dendrites and cells. All non-homogeneous samples broke during the tensile test from the weld metal area. 65 75 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/212023/05/172023/03/10 1401/12/19 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/182023/08/232023/08/23 1402/6/1 رامین مهدی زاده R. Mahdizade دانشکده فنی، دانشکده مهندسی متالورژی و مواد، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران ایران Ramin.Mahdizadeh@ut.ac.ir سید علی اصغر اکبری موسوی S. A.Asghar Akbari Mousavi دانشکده فنی، دانشکده مهندسی متالورژی و مواد، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران ایران Akbarimusavi@ut.ac.ir سعید مهدی پور S. Mehdipour دانشکده فنی، دانشکده مهندسی متالورژی و مواد، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران ایران Said.Mehdipour@ut.ac.ir Non-homogeneous pulsed laser welding Nimonic 75 superalloy Monel 400 columnar and coaxial dendrites. جوشکاری غیرهمجنس لیزر ضربانی ابرآلیاژ نایمونیک 75 مونل400 دندریت‌های ستونی و هم‌محور 1. Knock NO. Characterization of Inconel 718: Using Gleeble and Varestraint Testing Methods to Determine the Weldability of Inconel 718. MSc thesis. 2010. ##2. John N. DuPont, John C. Lippold SDK. Welding metallurgy and weldability of nickel-base alloys. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2009. ##3. Steen, W.M. and J. Mazumder, Laser material processing. 2010: springer science & business media.##4. Kim, J.-D., C.-J. Kim, and C.-M.J.J.o.M.P.T. Chung, Repair welding of etched tubular components of nuclear power plant by Nd: YAG laser. 2001. 114(1): p. 51-56##5. Berretta, J.R., et al., Pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding of AISI 304 to AISI 420 stainless steels. 2007. 45(9): p. 960-966.##6. P’ng, D., P.J.M.S. Molian, and E. A, Q-switch Nd: YAG laser welding of AISI 304 stainless steel foils. 2008. 486(1-2): p. 680-685.##7. Kumar, G.S., et al., Numerical and experimental studies on the effect of varied pulse energy in Nd: YAG laser welding of Monel 400 sheets. 2018. 93: p. 184-191.##8. Ramakrishnan, H., et al., Experimental investigation on properties of dissimilar laser welding of AISI 316L to monel 400. 2020. 33: p. 4059-4064.##9. Kumar, G.S., et al., Optimization of parameters to attain higher tensile strength in pulsed Nd: YAG laser welded Hastelloy C-276–Monel 400 sheets. 2019. 100: p. 1-10.##10. . Mei, Y., et al., Effect of metal and welding speed on fusion zone microstructure and HAZ hot-cracking of electron-beam welded Inconel 718. 2016. 89: p. 964-977.##11. Ono, Y., et al., High-cycle fatigue properties of Alloy718 base metal and electron beam welded joint. 2015. 67: p. 1028-1035.##12. Shakil, M., Microstructure and hardness studies of electron beam welded stainless steel 304L and Inconel 625. 2014. 110: p. 121-126.##13. Chiang MF, Chen C. Induction-assisted laser welding of IN-738 nickel – base superalloy ଝ. Mater Chem Phys. 2009;114:415–9.##1. Knock NO. Characterization of Inconel 718: Using Gleeble and Varestraint Testing Methods to Determine the Weldability of Inconel 718. MSc thesis. 2010. ##2. John N. DuPont, John C. Lippold SDK. Welding metallurgy and weldability of nickel-base alloys. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2009. ##3. Steen, W.M. and J. Mazumder, Laser material processing. 2010: springer science & business media.##4. Kim, J.-D., C.-J. Kim, and C.-M.J.J.o.M.P.T. Chung, Repair welding of etched tubular components of nuclear power plant by Nd: YAG laser. 2001. 114(1): p. 51-56##5. Berretta, J.R., et al., Pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding of AISI 304 to AISI 420 stainless steels. 2007. 45(9): p. 960-966.##6. P’ng, D., P.J.M.S. Molian, and E. A, Q-switch Nd: YAG laser welding of AISI 304 stainless steel foils. 2008. 486(1-2): p. 680-685.##7. Kumar, G.S., et al., Numerical and experimental studies on the effect of varied pulse energy in Nd: YAG laser welding of Monel 400 sheets. 2018. 93: p. 184-191.##8. Ramakrishnan, H., et al., Experimental investigation on properties of dissimilar laser welding of AISI 316L to monel 400. 2020. 33: p. 4059-4064.##9. Kumar, G.S., et al., Optimization of parameters to attain higher tensile strength in pulsed Nd: YAG laser welded Hastelloy C-276–Monel 400 sheets. 2019. 100: p. 1-10.##10. . Mei, Y., et al., Effect of metal and welding speed on fusion zone microstructure and HAZ hot-cracking of electron-beam welded Inconel 718. 2016. 89: p. 964-977.##11. Ono, Y., et al., High-cycle fatigue properties of Alloy718 base metal and electron beam welded joint. 2015. 67: p. 1028-1035.##12. Shakil, M., Microstructure and hardness studies of electron beam welded stainless steel 304L and Inconel 625. 2014. 110: p. 121-126.##13. Chiang MF, Chen C. Induction-assisted laser welding of IN-738 nickel – base superalloy ଝ. Mater Chem Phys. 2009;114:415–9. ##

اتصال متجانس سوپر آلیاژ Inconel 600 با استفاده از پرکننده پودری نانو ساختار با طراحی آنتروپی بالا Similar jointing of Inconel 600 super alloy using nano stracture powder filler with high entropy design 1 1 آلیاژهای  آنتروپی بالا بدلیل دارا بودن خواص عالی به ویژه برای کاربرد به عنوان فلزات پرکننده در لحیم‌کاری سخت مناسب هستند. در مطالعه حاضر، سه پودر با ترکیب CoxCrxCuxFexMnxNix (X درصد اتمی عنصر) با استفاده از ضوابط این آلیاژها و همچنین نرم افزار JMATPRO طراحی گردید. مرحله بعد با استفاده از آلیاژسازی مکانیکی، نانو پودر پرکننده سنتز شد و توسط آزمون آنالیز اشعه ایکس (XRD) مشخصه‌یابی و اثر ترکیب پرکننده بر رفتار حرارتی آلیاژ، مطالعه شد. سپس پرکننده در لحیم‌کاری سخت سوپر آلیاژ اینکول ۶۰۰ مورد استفاده قرار گرفت، رفتار انجماد تک فازی و عدم وجود بور و سیلیکون در پرکننده آنتروپی بالا منجر به ایجاد یک ریزساختار پیوسته بدون اجزای یوتکتیک یا فازهای شکننده در فصل مشترک لحیم‌کاری سخت گردید. بدین ترتیب آزمون استحکام برشی انجام شده وMPa  545 در بین سه ترکیب پرکننده، بالاترین استحکام برشی بود که بدست آمد. در لحیم‌هایی که از فلز پرکننده معمولی استفاده می‌کنند، انجماد همدما ناقص و متعاقب آن انجماد حرارتی مایع باقی‌مانده منجر به ایجاد فازهای شکننده می‌شود که در سراسر ریزساختار توزیع می‌شوند. عدم استفاده از ترکیبات پایین آورنده نقطه ذوب در پرکننده با هدف اتصال سوپر آلیاژ پایه نیکل، گامی مهم در کاهش فرایندهای بعدی لحیم‌کاری تلقی می‌شود. 2 High entropy alloys are especially suitable for use as filler metals in brazing due to their excellent properties. in the present study, three powders with the composition of CoxCrxCuxFexMnxNix (X atomic percentage of the element) were designed using the criteria of these alloys as well as jmatpro software. in the next step, using mechanical alloying, filler nano powder was synthesized and characterized by X-RAY analysis (XRD) test and the effect of filler composition on the thermal behavior of the alloy was studied. then the filler was used in Inconel 600 super alloy brazing, the single-phase solidification behavior and the absence of boron and silicon in the high entropy filler led to the creation of a continuous microstructure without eutectic components or brittle phases in the brazing interface. thus, the shear strength test was performed and 545 MPa  was the highest shear strength obtained among the three filler compounds. in brazing conventional filler metal, incomplete isothermal solidification and subsequent thermal solidification of the residual liquid results in large grains of chromium-rich boride phase distributed throughout the microstructure. not using compounds that lower the melting point in the filler for the purpose of joining the nickel-based superalloy is considered an important step in reducing the subsequent brazing processes. 77 92 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/212023/05/172023/03/102023/09/21 1402/6/30 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/182023/08/232023/08/232023/10/10 1402/7/18 الهه منصوری E. Mansouri دانشکده مهندسی و علم مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران. ایران e.mansouri@email.kntu.ac.ir حمید خرسند H. Khorsand دانشکده مهندسی و علم مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران. ایران hkhorsand@kntu.ac.ir High entropy alloys Brazing Filler Metal. آلیاژهای آنتروپی بالا لحیم‌کاری سخت پر کننده. 1- W. Miglietti, Wide Gap Braze Repair of Gas Turbine Blades and Vanes — A Review, 2013, 210-218.##2- H. Tazikeh, S. E. Mirsalehi, A. Shamsipoor, The effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 939 super alloy by transient liquid phase bonding method, Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 2021##3- S. K. Tung and M. O. Lai, Microstructural evolution and control in bni-4 brazed joints of nickel 270, vol. 33, no. 8, 1995. 1253–1259.##4- M. Pouranvari, A. Ekrami, and A. H. Kokabi, Microstructure development during transient liquid phase bonding of GTD-111 nickel-based superalloy, vol. 461, 2008. 641–647.##5- M. Pouranvari, A. Ekrami, and A. H. Kokabi, Effect of bonding temperature on microstructure development during TLP bonding of a nickel base superalloy, vol. 469, 2009. 270–275.##6- A. I. Ghahferokhi et al., Effect of bonding temperature and bonding time on microstructure of dissimilar transient liquid phase bonding of GTD111/BNi-2/IN718 system, J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 21,2022, 2178–2190.##7- D. A. Gale, W. F., & Butts, Transient liquid phase bonding, Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining, 9(4), 2004,283–300.##8- G. H. Superalloy et al., a ,lied sciences Effect of Bonding Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties during TLP Bonding of, 2019,214-221.##9- A. Davoodi, A. Khorram, and A. Jafari, Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar TLP bonding between IN718 / IN600 with BNi-2 interlayer, J. Manuf. Process., vol. 29, 2017,447–457,.##10- Y. H. Yang, Y. J. Xie, M. S. Wang, and W. Ye, Microstructure and tensile properties of nickel-based superalloy K417G bonded using transient liquid-phase infiltration, vol. 51, 2013 , 141–147.##11- Y. H. Kim, K. T. Kim, and I. H. Kim, Effect of Mixing Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Wide-gap Brazed Ni-based Superalloy with Ni-Si-B Alloy Powder, vol. 308, , 2006,935–940.##12- Y. Hwan, I. Ho, and C. S. Kim, Effect of Process Variables on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wide-gap Brazed IN738 Superalloy, vol. 300, ,. 2876–2882, 2005.##13- Y. H. Kim and S. I. Kwun, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Wide-gap Region Brazed with Various Powder Mixing Ratios of Additive to Filler Metal Powders, vol. 118, 2006, 479–484. ##14- A. Khorram, A. Davoodi Jamalooei, A. Jafari, On the microstructural and mechanical properties of similar TLP bonding of Inconel 600 superalloy sheet, Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 2017.##15- M. Du Toit, High Strength , Ductile Braze Repairs for Stationary Gas Turbine Components — Part II, J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, vol. 132,2010, 1–10.##16- D. Bridges et al., Laser brazing of a nickel-based superalloy using a Ni-Mn-Fe-Co-Cu high entropy alloy filler metal, Mater. Lett., vol. 215,2018, 11–14.##17- W. Tillmann, T. Ulitzka, L. Wojarski, H. Ulitzka, and M. Manka, Brazing of high temperature materials using melting range optimized filler metals based on the high-entropy alloy CoCrCuFeNi, 2019,114-125.##18- Z. 2019 Gao, M., Schneiderman, B., Gilbert, S. M., and Yu, Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of nickel-base superalloy brazed joints using a MPCA filler., Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50,2019, 5117–5127.##19- L. Hardwick, P. A. T. Rodgers, E. D. Pickering, and R. Goodall, Development of a Novel Ni-Based Multi-principal Element Alloy Filler Metal , Using an Alternative Melting Point Depressant, 2021,245-261.##20- Z. Schneiderman, B., Chuang, A. C., Kenesei, P., and Yu, In-situ synchrotron diffraction and modeling of non-equilibrium solidification of a MnFeCoNiCu alloy., Sci. Reports 11, 2021.25-36.##21- V. A. Cantor B, Chang ITH, Knight P, Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng,2004, 375–377.##22- et al. Yeh, J.-W., Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes., 2004,121-136.##23- J. W. Yeh, Alloy design strategies and future trends in high-entropy alloys, Jom, vol. 65, no. 12, 2013 , 1759–1771.##24- J. Yeh, S. Chang, Y. Hong, S. Chen, and S. Lin, Anomalous decrease in X-ray diffraction intensities of Cu – Ni – Al – Co – Cr – Fe – Si alloy systems with multi-principal elements, vol. 103, 2007, 41–46.##25- K. Tsai, M. Tsai, and J. Yeh, Sluggish diffusion in Co – Cr – Fe – Mn – Ni high-entropy alloys, Acta Mater., vol. 61, no. 13,2013,. 4887–4897.##26- K. Jin, C. Zhang, F. Zhang, and H. Bei, Influence of compositional complexity on interdiffusion in Ni-containing concentrated solid- solution alloys, vol. 3831, 2018.357-369.##27- F. Otto, Y. Yang, H. Bei, and E. P. George, Relative effects of enthalpy and entropy on the phase stability of equiatomic high-entropy alloys, Acta Mater., vol. 61, no. 7, 2013,. 2628–2638.##28- O. N. S. D.B. Miracle, A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts, Acta Mater., 2017.##29- W. F. Gale and E. R. Wallach, Microstructural Development in Transient Liquid-Phase Bonding, vol. 22, no. October, 1991,2451–2457.##30- W. Hume-Rothery, Atomic Theory for Students of Metallurgy, London, UK Inst. Met., 1969.##31- W. Hume-rothery and H. M. Powell, On the Theory of Super-Lattice Structures in Alloys. 23–47.##32- C. W. Hume-Rothery, W., Smallman, R. E., and Haworth, The Structure of Metals and Alloys, Struct. Met. Alloy. London, UK Inst. Met, 1969.##33- Inconel Alloy 600. 2008. Special Metals Corp. .##34-L. P. Zhang Y, Zhou YJ, Lin JP, Chen GL, Solid-Solution Phase Formation Rules for Multi-component Alloys, Adv. Eng. Mater, 2008,534–548.##35- M. Way, J. Willingham, R. Goodall, M. Way, J. Willingham, and R. Goodall, Brazing filler metals, vol. 6608, 2020.##36- et al. Gludovatz B, Hohenwarter A, Catoor D, A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic a ,lications[J], Science, 2015,689-703.##37- Z. Li, K. G. Pradeep, Y. Deng, D. Raabe, and C. C. Tasan, Metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys overcome the strength-ductility trade-off, Nature, vol. 534, no. 7606, 2016,. 227–230.##38- X. Wang et al., Laser assisted synthesis of Al0.1CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy Coating: Microstructures and Properties, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., vol. 17, no. 8,2022, 22088,.##39- J. Wang, C. Wei, H. Yang, T. Guo, T. Xu, and J. Li, Phase Transformation Kinetics of a FCC, 2018.912-931.##40- Y. Zhang et al., Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys, Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 61, 2014,. 1–93.##41- D. Bridges, S. Zhang, S. Lang, M. Gao, Z. Yu, and Z. Feng, Laser Brazing of a Nickel-based Superalloy using a Ni-Mn-Fe-Co-Cu High Entropy Alloy Filler Metal .2017,158-172.##42- G. Wang et al., Brazing of Ti-coated SiC using a CoFeCrNiCu high entropy alloy filler via electric field-assisted sintering, J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 23, 2023, 5142–5151.##1- W. Miglietti, Wide Gap Braze Repair of Gas Turbine Blades and Vanes — A Review, 2013, 210-218.##2- H. Tazikeh, S. E. Mirsalehi, A. Shamsipoor, The effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 939 super alloy by transient liquid phase bonding method, Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 2021##3- S. K. Tung and M. O. Lai, Microstructural evolution and control in bni-4 brazed joints of nickel 270, vol. 33, no. 8, 1995. 1253–1259.##4- M. Pouranvari, A. Ekrami, and A. H. Kokabi, Microstructure development during transient liquid phase bonding of GTD-111 nickel-based superalloy, vol. 461, 2008. 641–647.##5- M. Pouranvari, A. Ekrami, and A. H. Kokabi, Effect of bonding temperature on microstructure development during TLP bonding of a nickel base superalloy, vol. 469, 2009. 270–275.##6- A. I. Ghahferokhi et al., Effect of bonding temperature and bonding time on microstructure of dissimilar transient liquid phase bonding of GTD111/BNi-2/IN718 system, J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 21,2022, 2178–2190.##7- D. A. Gale, W. F., & Butts, Transient liquid phase bonding, Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining, 9(4), 2004,283–300.##8- G. H. Superalloy et al., a ,lied sciences Effect of Bonding Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties during TLP Bonding of, 2019,214-221.##9- A. Davoodi, A. Khorram, and A. Jafari, Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar TLP bonding between IN718 / IN600 with BNi-2 interlayer, J. Manuf. Process., vol. 29, 2017,447–457,.##10- Y. H. Yang, Y. J. Xie, M. S. Wang, and W. Ye, Microstructure and tensile properties of nickel-based superalloy K417G bonded using transient liquid-phase infiltration, vol. 51, 2013 , 141–147.##11- Y. H. Kim, K. T. Kim, and I. H. Kim, Effect of Mixing Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Wide-gap Brazed Ni-based Superalloy with Ni-Si-B Alloy Powder, vol. 308, , 2006,935–940.##12- Y. Hwan, I. Ho, and C. S. Kim, Effect of Process Variables on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Wide-gap Brazed IN738 Superalloy, vol. 300, ,. 2876–2882, 2005.##13- Y. H. Kim and S. I. Kwun, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Wide-gap Region Brazed with Various Powder Mixing Ratios of Additive to Filler Metal Powders, vol. 118, 2006, 479–484. ##14- A. Khorram, A. Davoodi Jamalooei, A. Jafari, On the microstructural and mechanical properties of similar TLP bonding of Inconel 600 superalloy sheet, Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 2017.##15- M. Du Toit, High Strength , Ductile Braze Repairs for Stationary Gas Turbine Components — Part II, J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, vol. 132,2010, 1–10.##16- D. Bridges et al., Laser brazing of a nickel-based superalloy using a Ni-Mn-Fe-Co-Cu high entropy alloy filler metal, Mater. Lett., vol. 215,2018, 11–14.##17- W. Tillmann, T. Ulitzka, L. Wojarski, H. Ulitzka, and M. Manka, Brazing of high temperature materials using melting range optimized filler metals based on the high-entropy alloy CoCrCuFeNi, 2019,114-125.##18- Z. 2019 Gao, M., Schneiderman, B., Gilbert, S. M., and Yu, Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of nickel-base superalloy brazed joints using a MPCA filler., Metall. Mater. Trans. A 50,2019, 5117–5127.##19- L. Hardwick, P. A. T. Rodgers, E. D. Pickering, and R. Goodall, Development of a Novel Ni-Based Multi-principal Element Alloy Filler Metal , Using an Alternative Melting Point Depressant, 2021,245-261.##20- Z. Schneiderman, B., Chuang, A. C., Kenesei, P., and Yu, In-situ synchrotron diffraction and modeling of non-equilibrium solidification of a MnFeCoNiCu alloy., Sci. Reports 11, 2021.25-36.##21- V. A. Cantor B, Chang ITH, Knight P, Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng,2004, 375–377.##22- et al. Yeh, J.-W., Nanostructured high-entropy alloys with multiple principal elements: Novel alloy design concepts and outcomes., 2004,121-136.##23- J. W. Yeh, Alloy design strategies and future trends in high-entropy alloys, Jom, vol. 65, no. 12, 2013 , 1759–1771.##24- J. Yeh, S. Chang, Y. Hong, S. Chen, and S. Lin, Anomalous decrease in X-ray diffraction intensities of Cu – Ni – Al – Co – Cr – Fe – Si alloy systems with multi-principal elements, vol. 103, 2007, 41–46.##25- K. Tsai, M. Tsai, and J. Yeh, Sluggish diffusion in Co – Cr – Fe – Mn – Ni high-entropy alloys, Acta Mater., vol. 61, no. 13,2013,. 4887–4897.##26- K. Jin, C. Zhang, F. Zhang, and H. Bei, Influence of compositional complexity on interdiffusion in Ni-containing concentrated solid- solution alloys, vol. 3831, 2018.357-369.##27- F. Otto, Y. Yang, H. Bei, and E. P. George, Relative effects of enthalpy and entropy on the phase stability of equiatomic high-entropy alloys, Acta Mater., vol. 61, no. 7, 2013,. 2628–2638.##28- O. N. S. D.B. Miracle, A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts, Acta Mater., 2017.##29- W. F. Gale and E. R. Wallach, Microstructural Development in Transient Liquid-Phase Bonding, vol. 22, no. October, 1991,2451–2457.##30- W. Hume-Rothery, Atomic Theory for Students of Metallurgy, London, UK Inst. Met., 1969.##31- W. Hume-rothery and H. M. Powell, On the Theory of Super-Lattice Structures in Alloys. 23–47.##32- C. W. Hume-Rothery, W., Smallman, R. E., and Haworth, The Structure of Metals and Alloys, Struct. Met. Alloy. London, UK Inst. Met, 1969.##33- Inconel Alloy 600. 2008. Special Metals Corp. .##34-L. P. Zhang Y, Zhou YJ, Lin JP, Chen GL, Solid-Solution Phase Formation Rules for Multi-component Alloys, Adv. Eng. Mater, 2008,534–548.##35- M. Way, J. Willingham, R. Goodall, M. Way, J. Willingham, and R. Goodall, Brazing filler metals, vol. 6608, 2020.##36- et al. Gludovatz B, Hohenwarter A, Catoor D, A fracture-resistant high-entropy alloy for cryogenic a ,lications[J], Science, 2015,689-703.##37- Z. Li, K. G. Pradeep, Y. Deng, D. Raabe, and C. C. Tasan, Metastable high-entropy dual-phase alloys overcome the strength-ductility trade-off, Nature, vol. 534, no. 7606, 2016,. 227–230.##38- X. Wang et al., Laser assisted synthesis of Al0.1CoCrFeNi High Entropy Alloy Coating: Microstructures and Properties, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., vol. 17, no. 8,2022, 22088,.##39- J. Wang, C. Wei, H. Yang, T. Guo, T. Xu, and J. Li, Phase Transformation Kinetics of a FCC, 2018.912-931.##40- Y. Zhang et al., Microstructures and properties of high-entropy alloys, Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 61, 2014,. 1–93.##41- D. Bridges, S. Zhang, S. Lang, M. Gao, Z. Yu, and Z. Feng, Laser Brazing of a Nickel-based Superalloy using a Ni-Mn-Fe-Co-Cu High Entropy Alloy Filler Metal .2017,158-172.##42- G. Wang et al., Brazing of Ti-coated SiC using a CoFeCrNiCu high entropy alloy filler via electric field-assisted sintering, J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 23, 2023, 5142–5151. ##

بهینه نمودن کارایی شبکه عصبی مصنوعی برای پیش‌بینی خواص کششی Al-5083 اتصال داده شده توسط فرایند FSW Optimization of performance of artificial neural network for predicting the tensile properties of friction stir welded al-5083 1 1 در این تحقیق، بهینه‌سازی قابلیت شبکه عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) به‌منظور پیش‌بینی استحکام کششی و ازدیاد طول نسبی اتصالات ایجاد شده بر Al-5083 توسط فرایند جوشکاری همزنی اصطکاکی (FSW) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور با تغییر پارامترهای موثر بر کارایی ANN از قبیل تعداد لایه‌ها و تعداد نورون‌های لایه‌های مخفی، نوع تابع انتقال بین لایه‌ها، الگوریتم یادگیری و غیره، شبکه عصبی کارآمد برای پیش‌بینی خواص کششی اتصالات FSWed-Al-5083 تعیین گردید. بررسی‌های انجام شده آشکار نمود که شبکه عصبی پرسپترون با دو لایه پنهان و تعداد 17 نورون، الگوریتم آموزش لونبرگ-مارکوارت و تابع انتقال Logsig برای لایه‌های میانی و تابع تبدیل Tansig برای لایه خروجی، کارآمدترین شبکه عصبی برای پیش‌بینی مورد نظر است. شبکه مذکور دارای ساختار بهینه براساس کمینه مقدار خطای میانگین مربعات 05/0، بیشینه ضریب همبستگی کل 93/0 و رگرسیون خط با زاویه 45 درجه بین مقادیر واقعی و پیش‌بینی شده می‌باشد. در نتیجه این شبکه از کارایی مطلوبی برای آموزش، تعمیم و برآورد استحکام کششی و ازدیاد طول نسبی Al-5083 اتصال FSW داده شده برخوردار است. 2 In this research, the optimization of the artificial neural network (ANN) capability for predecting the tensile strength and elongation of friction stir welded Al-5083 (FS-welded Al-5083) was carried out. The effective parameters of ANN, such as the number of layers, number of neurons in hidden layers, transfer function between layers, the learning algorithm and etc. were investigated and the efficient neural network was determined to predict the tensile properties of FS-welded Al-5083. The investigations revealed that the perceptron neural network with two hidden layers and 17 neurons numbers, Lunberg-Marquardt training algorithm and Logsig transfer function for the intermediate layers and Tansig transformation function for the output layer is the most optimized neural network for the prediction. The optimized network has an optimal structure based on the minimum value of the mean square error of 0.05, the maximum total correlation coefficient of 0.93 and the line regression with an angle of 45 degrees between the actual and estimated values. Therefore, this network has a good performance for training, generalizing and estimating of tensile strength and elongation of FS-welded Al-5083. 93 102 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/212023/05/172023/03/102023/09/212023/09/20 1402/6/29 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/182023/08/232023/08/232023/10/102023/11/10 1402/8/19 مسعود مصلایی M. Mosallaee دانشکده مهندسی معدن و متالورژی، دانشگاه یزد، ایران. ایران mosal@yazd.ac.ir امین حسین مرشدی A.H. Morshedy دانشکده مهندسی معدن و متالورژی، دانشگاه یزد، ایران. ایران morshedy@yazd.ac.ir Al-5083 FSW Strength Rotation speed Traverse speed artificial neural network. Al-5083 FSW استحکام سرعت چرخش سرعت پیش‌روی شبکه عصبی مصنوعی. 1- E. L. Rooy, Introduction to aluminium and aluminium alloys, ASM Handbook. ASM International, 1990.##2-R. L. F. J.R. Kissell, Working with aluminium, Aluminium structures: A guide to their specification and design. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002.##3- D. Singh, P. N. Rao, C. S. Rajoria, J. Bhamu, S.Goel, S. J. Raykar, K. K. Saxena and R. Jayaganthan, ‟Influence of processing and microstructure on the corrosion behavior of ultrafine grained Al 5083 alloyˮ, Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 2022, v.3, pp.1-11.##4-S. A. Anil Kumar Bodukuri , K. Eswaraiah , Katla Rajendar, “Comparison of Aluminum Alloy 5083 properties on TIGW and FSW Processes,” Mater. Today Proc., 2017, v. 4 pp. 10179–10201.##5- R.S. Mishra and Z.Y. Mab, “Friction stir welding and processingˮ, Materials science and engineering: R, 2005, v.50, pp1-78, 2005.##6-M. Safari, H. Mostaan and A. Bakhtiari, ‟Optimization of variables of friction stir welding process with the aim of achieving the maximum fracture strengthˮ, JWSTI, 2016; n. 1, pp. 32-48.##7-N. Taheri Moghaddam, A. Rabiezadeh, A. Khosravifard and L. Ghalandari, ‟Joining of the 5083-aluminum alloy using the bobbin tool friction stir welding techniqueˮ, JWSTI, 2022; n. 2, pp. 25-37. ##8- M. S. Shtrikman, “Current state and development of friction stir welding (review). Part 2. Improvement of tools and welding method,” Welding International, 2008, v. 22, pp. 712–719.##9- K. Aybar and F. H. Çakir, ‟ An experimental study of the friction stir welding of Al 5083 H321 plates by using different process parametersˮ, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023, 15 May, pp.1-13.##10- R. D. Ardika, T. Triyono and N. Muhayat, ‟A review porosity in aluminum weldingˮ, Procedia Structural Integrity, 2021, v. pp. 171–180.##11-K. Kavathia and V. Badheka, ‟Application of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) in Automotive and Electric Vehicleˮ, Recent Advances in Mechanical Infrastructure, 2022, pp 289–304. ##12-C. Chanakyan, S. Sivasankar, M. Meignanamoorthy and S. V. Alagarsamy, ‟Parametric Optimization of Mechanical Properties via FSW on AA5052 Using Taguchi Based Grey Relational Analysisˮ, INCAS Bulletin, 2021, v. 13, pp. 21-30.##13-M. N. J. H. Lombard, D.G. Hattingh, A. Steuwer, “Effect of process parameters on the residual stresses in AA5083-H321 friction stir welds,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2009, v. 501, pp. 119–124.##14-K. A. Prabha, P. K. Putha and B.S. Prasad, “Effect of Tool Rotational Speed on Mechanical Properties Of Aluminium Alloy 5083 Weldments in Friction Stir Welding,” Materials Today Proceedings, 2018, v.5, pp. 18535-18543.##15-P. J. W. M. Peel , A. Steuwer and M. Preuss, “Microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses as a function of welding speed in aluminium AA5083 friction stir welds,” Acta Materialia, 2003, v. 51, pp. 4790–4801.##16-R. Beygi, M. Z. Mehrizi, A. A. Safar, S. Mohammadi and L. F. Silva, ‟A Parametric Study on the Effect of FSW Parameters and the Tool Geometry on the Tensile Strength of AA2024–AA7075 Joints: Microstructure and Fractureˮ, Lubricants, 2023, v. 11, pp. 2-18.##17-J. . Zurada, Introduction to artificial neural systems‌. West Publishing Company, 1992.##18-C. C. Aggarwal, ‟Neural networks and deep learningˮ, Springer, 2018.##19-H.K. Bhadeshia, , R.C. Dimitriu, S. Forsik, J.H. Pak and J. H. Ryu, ‟Performance of neural networks in materials scienceˮ, Materials Science and Technology, 2009, v. 4, pp 504-510.##20- T. P. Nguyen, S. Choi, S. Park, J. Yoon, ‟Inspecting Method for Defective Casting Products with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)ˮ, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 2021, v. 8, pp583-594. ##21- J. Lin, Y. Yao, L. Ma and Y. Wang, ‟Detection of a casting defect tracked by deep convolution neural networkˮ, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 2018, v. 97, pp. 573-581.##22-Y. K. Yousif, K. M. Daws and B. I. Kazem, ‟Prediction of Friction Stir Welding Characteristic Using Neural Networkˮ, Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2008, v. 2, pp. 151-155. ##23-N. P. Senapati, D.K. Panda, R. K. Bhoi, ‟Prediction of multiple characteristics of Friction-Stir welded joints by Levenberg Marquardt algorithm based artificial neural networkˮ, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, v. 41 pp.391–396.##24-L. Fratini, G. Buffa and D. Palmeri, ‟Using a neural network for predicting the average grain size in friction stir welding processesˮ, Computers and Structures, 2009, v. 87, pp.1166–1174##25-‟Aluminium 5083-H116, 5083-H321ˮ http://asm. matweb.com” in ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.##26-‟ASTM E8/E8M-22 Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials,” PA, USA: ASTM International: West Conshohocken, 2022.##27-M.H. Beale, M.T. Hagan, H.B. Demuth, ‟Neural network toolbox User’s Guideˮ, MathWorks, (2018), 136 pp.‌##28-I. Mukherjee, S. Routroy, ‟Comparing the performance of neural networks developed by using Levenberg–Marquardt and Quasi-Newton with the gradient descent algorithm for modelling a multiple response grinding process. Expert Systems with Applicationsˮ, 2012, v. 39, pp. 2397-2407.‌##1- E. L. Rooy, Introduction to aluminium and aluminium alloys, ASM Handbook. ASM International, 1990.##2-R. L. F. J.R. Kissell, Working with aluminium, Aluminium structures: A guide to their specification and design. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002.##3- D. Singh, P. N. Rao, C. S. Rajoria, J. Bhamu, S.Goel, S. J. Raykar, K. K. Saxena and R. Jayaganthan, ‟Influence of processing and microstructure on the corrosion behavior of ultrafine grained Al 5083 alloyˮ, Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 2022, v.3, pp.1-11.##4-S. A. Anil Kumar Bodukuri , K. Eswaraiah , Katla Rajendar, “Comparison of Aluminum Alloy 5083 properties on TIGW and FSW Processes,” Mater. Today Proc., 2017, v. 4 pp. 10179–10201.##5- R.S. Mishra and Z.Y. Mab, “Friction stir welding and processingˮ, Materials science and engineering: R, 2005, v.50, pp1-78, 2005.##6-M. Safari, H. Mostaan and A. Bakhtiari, ‟Optimization of variables of friction stir welding process with the aim of achieving the maximum fracture strengthˮ, JWSTI, 2016; n. 1, pp. 32-48.##7-N. Taheri Moghaddam, A. Rabiezadeh, A. Khosravifard and L. Ghalandari, ‟Joining of the 5083-aluminum alloy using the bobbin tool friction stir welding techniqueˮ, JWSTI, 2022; n. 2, pp. 25-37. ##8- M. S. Shtrikman, “Current state and development of friction stir welding (review). Part 2. Improvement of tools and welding method,” Welding International, 2008, v. 22, pp. 712–719.##9- K. Aybar and F. H. Çakir, ‟ An experimental study of the friction stir welding of Al 5083 H321 plates by using different process parametersˮ, Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023, 15 May, pp.1-13.##10- R. D. Ardika, T. Triyono and N. Muhayat, ‟A review porosity in aluminum weldingˮ, Procedia Structural Integrity, 2021, v. pp. 171–180.##11-K. Kavathia and V. Badheka, ‟Application of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) in Automotive and Electric Vehicleˮ, Recent Advances in Mechanical Infrastructure, 2022, pp 289–304. ##12-C. Chanakyan, S. Sivasankar, M. Meignanamoorthy and S. V. Alagarsamy, ‟Parametric Optimization of Mechanical Properties via FSW on AA5052 Using Taguchi Based Grey Relational Analysisˮ, INCAS Bulletin, 2021, v. 13, pp. 21-30.##13-M. N. J. H. Lombard, D.G. Hattingh, A. Steuwer, “Effect of process parameters on the residual stresses in AA5083-H321 friction stir welds,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2009, v. 501, pp. 119–124.##14-K. A. Prabha, P. K. Putha and B.S. Prasad, “Effect of Tool Rotational Speed on Mechanical Properties Of Aluminium Alloy 5083 Weldments in Friction Stir Welding,” Materials Today Proceedings, 2018, v.5, pp. 18535-18543.##15-P. J. W. M. Peel , A. Steuwer and M. Preuss, “Microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stresses as a function of welding speed in aluminium AA5083 friction stir welds,” Acta Materialia, 2003, v. 51, pp. 4790–4801.##16-R. Beygi, M. Z. Mehrizi, A. A. Safar, S. Mohammadi and L. F. Silva, ‟A Parametric Study on the Effect of FSW Parameters and the Tool Geometry on the Tensile Strength of AA2024–AA7075 Joints: Microstructure and Fractureˮ, Lubricants, 2023, v. 11, pp. 2-18.##17-J. . Zurada, Introduction to artificial neural systems‌. West Publishing Company, 1992.##18-C. C. Aggarwal, ‟Neural networks and deep learningˮ, Springer, 2018.##19-H.K. Bhadeshia, , R.C. Dimitriu, S. Forsik, J.H. Pak and J. H. Ryu, ‟Performance of neural networks in materials scienceˮ, Materials Science and Technology, 2009, v. 4, pp 504-510.##20- T. P. Nguyen, S. Choi, S. Park, J. Yoon, ‟Inspecting Method for Defective Casting Products with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)ˮ, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 2021, v. 8, pp583-594. ##21- J. Lin, Y. Yao, L. Ma and Y. Wang, ‟Detection of a casting defect tracked by deep convolution neural networkˮ, International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 2018, v. 97, pp. 573-581.##22-Y. K. Yousif, K. M. Daws and B. I. Kazem, ‟Prediction of Friction Stir Welding Characteristic Using Neural Networkˮ, Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 2008, v. 2, pp. 151-155. ##23-N. P. Senapati, D.K. Panda, R. K. Bhoi, ‟Prediction of multiple characteristics of Friction-Stir welded joints by Levenberg Marquardt algorithm based artificial neural networkˮ, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, v. 41 pp.391–396.##24-L. Fratini, G. Buffa and D. Palmeri, ‟Using a neural network for predicting the average grain size in friction stir welding processesˮ, Computers and Structures, 2009, v. 87, pp.1166–1174##25-‟Aluminium 5083-H116, 5083-H321ˮ http://asm. matweb.com” in ASM Aerospace Specification Metals Inc.##26-‟ASTM E8/E8M-22 Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials,” PA, USA: ASTM International: West Conshohocken, 2022.##27-M.H. Beale, M.T. Hagan, H.B. Demuth, ‟Neural network toolbox User’s Guideˮ, MathWorks, (2018), 136 pp.‌##28-I. Mukherjee, S. Routroy, ‟Comparing the performance of neural networks developed by using Levenberg–Marquardt and Quasi-Newton with the gradient descent algorithm for modelling a multiple response grinding process. Expert Systems with Applicationsˮ, 2012, v. 39, pp. 2397-2407.‌ ##

لحیمکاری سخت فولاد PH4-17 به آلیاژ Ti-6Al-4V با فلزپرکنندهBNi-2 Brazing of 17-4 PH stainless steel to Ti-6Al-4V alloy using BNi-2 filler metal 1 1 در این پژوهش به بررسی پارامترهای دما و زمان بر روی ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال غیرهمجنس فولاد PH4-17 و آلیاژ Ti-6Al-4V با فلزپرکننده BNi-2 و به روش لحیمکاری سخت پرداخته می‌شود. ریزساختار اتصال با میکروسکوپ نوری و الکترونی روبشی و خواص مکانیکی اتصال نیز با تست کشش - برش و میکروسختی مورد ارزیابی قرار می‌گیرند. مشاهده می‌شود که در دمای ثابت C°1050، افزایش زمان از 15 به 30 دقیقه باعث کاهش استحکام برشی از 66/34 به 39/29 مگاپاسکال می‌شود. وجود ترکیبات ترد بین فلزی مانند  NiTi2 و FeTi2، باعث شکست ترد و کاهش استحکام می‌شوند. در زمان ثابت 15 دقیقه، افزایش دما باعث می‌شود که استحکام از 66/34 به 46/38 مگاپاسکال افزایش یابد. همچنین افزایش دما– زمان باعث افزایش پهنای ISZ تشکیل شده در اتصالات در سمت فلزپرکننده Ti-6Al-4V از 40/41 به 48/81 میکرون می‌شود. افزایش دما– زمان همچنین موجب نفوذ بیشتر بور به فصل مشترک فولاد– فلزپرکننده شده که ترکیبات بورایدی مختلفی را تشکیل می‌دهد و باعث عریض‌تر شدن این ناحیه می‌شود.   2 In this research, the effect of temperature and time parameters are investigated on the microstructure and mechanical properties of  dissimilar brazing of 17-4 PH stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy with BNi-2 filler metal. The microstructure of the joint is evaluated with optical and scanning electron microscopes and the mechanical properties of the joint are also evaluated with tensile-shear and microhardness tests. It can be seen that at a constant temperature of 1050°C, increasing the time from 15 to 30 minutes decreases the shear strength from 34.66 to 29.39 MPa. Formation of brittle intermetallic compounds like NiTi2 and FeTi2 increase strength and promote brittle fracture.At a fixed time of 15 minutes, increasing the temperature from 1050 to 1100 °C causes the strength to increase from 34.66 to 38.46 MPa. Also, the increase in temperature and time increases the ISZ thickness formed in the joints on the side of the filler metal - Ti-6Al-4V from 41.40 to 81.48 microns. The increase in temperature and time also causes more diffusion of boron into the SS-filler joint, which forms various boron compounds and widens this region. 103 113 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/212023/05/172023/03/102023/09/212023/09/202023/10/12 1402/7/20 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/182023/08/232023/08/232023/10/102023/11/102023/08/23 1402/6/1 امیررضا اردلانی A. Ardalani گروه مهندسی مواد، دانشکده فنی مهندسی، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران. ایران amirrezauouo@gmail.com همام نفاخ موسوی H. Naffakh-Moosavy گروه مهندسی مواد، دانشکده فنی مهندسی، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران، ایران. ایران h.naffakh-moosavy@modares.ac.ir Brazing microstructure mechanical properties 17-4 PH Stainless steel Ti-6Al-4V. لحیمکاری سخت ریزساختار خواص مکانیکی فولاد PH4-17 Ti-6Al-4V. 1-I. Kawakatsu and Y. Suezawa, “Effects of surface preparations of base metal on the brazed joint strength,” Transactions of the Japan Welding Soeiet, vol. 3, no. 1. 1972.##2-Lucas Milhaupt, “The Brazing Book,” Lucas Milhaupt, 2004.##3-C. C. Liu, C. L. Ou, and R. K. Shiue, “The microstructural observation and wettability study of brazing Ti-6Al-4V and 304 stainless steel using three braze alloys,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 2225–2235, 2002, doi: 10.1023/A:1015356930476.##4-A. A. 8M/A5. 8:201.-A. 1 and A. A. N. Standard, “Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding,” Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding. 2019.##5-International Standards, “ISO 17672:2016 - Brazing — Filler metals.” 2016, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-026169-0.50011-6.##6-Rob Snell, “novel brazing alloy,” University of Sheffield, 2017.##7-M. M. Shwartz, “Brazing: Second edition.” 2003.##8-J. D. Destefani, “Introduction to Titanium and Titanium Alloys,” Prop. Sel. Nonferrous Alloy. Spec. Mater., pp. 586–591, 2018, doi: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001080.##9-C. T. Chang and R. K. Shiue, “Infrared brazing Ti–6Al–4V and Mo using the Ti–15Cu–15Ni braze alloy,” Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 161–170, May 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.01.002.##10-A. E. Shapiro, “Brazing of Conventional Titanium Alloys,” Welding, Brazing, Solder., pp. 1–25, 2018, doi: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0009239.##11-Y. Gao, T. Tsumura, and K. Nakata, “Dissimilar welding of titanium alloys to steels,” Trans. JWRI, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 7–12, 2012.##12-N. K. Adomako, J. O. Kim, S. H. Lee, K. H. Noh, and J. H. Kim, “Dissimilar welding between Ti–6Al–4V and 17-4PH stainless steel using a vanadium interlayer,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 732, pp. 378–397, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.015.##13-A. Y. A. Mahdavi Shaker, H. Momeni, A.Khorram, “The effect of electron beam welding parameters on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of dissimilar joint between 17-4PH steel and Ti6Al4V alloy,” J. Weld. Sci. Technol. ofIran, vol. 9, no. 1, 2023.##14-R. K. Shiue, S. K. Wu, and J. Y. Shiue, “Infrared brazing of Ti-6Al-4V and 17-4 PH stainless steel with (Ni)/Cr barrier layer(s),” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 488, no. 1–2. pp. 186–194, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.075.##15-S. Kundu, B. Mishra, D. L. Olson, and S. Chatterjee, “Interfacial reactions and strength properties of diffusion bonded joints of Ti64 alloy and 17-4PH stainless steel using nickel alloy interlayer,” Mater. Des., vol. 51, pp. 714–722, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.088.##16-Q. Sun and S. Lu, “Elements diffusion and mechanical properties of 15-5PH stainless steel joint brazed with BNi-2 filler metal,” Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 850, pp.700–705, 2016, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ MSF.850.700.##17-A. Doroudi, A. E. Pilehrood, M. Mohebinia, A. Dastgheib, A. Rajabi, and H. Omidvar, “Effect of the isothermal solidification completion on the mechanical properties of Inconel 625 transient liquid phase bond by changing bonding temperature,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 10355–10365, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.07.015.##18-“JIS Z 3192：1999 Methods of tensile and shear tests for brazed joint.pdf.” [Online]. Available: http://kikakurui.com/z7/Z7311-2010-01.html.##19-G. F. Bastin and G. D. Rieck, “Diffusion in the Titanium-Nickel Systems--1, 2. Occurence and Growth of the Various Intermetallic Compounds.,” Met. Trans, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1817–1831, 1974, doi: 10.1007/bf02644146.##20-S. V. Divinski, I. Stloukal, L. Kral, and C. Herzig, “Diffusion of Titanium and Nickel in B2 NiTi,” Defect Diffus. Forum, vol. 289–292, pp. 377–382, Apr. 2009, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.289-292.377.##21-A. Elrefaey and W. Tillmann, “Brazing of titanium to steel with different filler metals: Analysis and comparison,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 45, no. 16, pp. 4332–4338, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s10853-010-4357-z.##22-T. Bertilsson Supervisor, H. Sina, and S. Iyengar, “Intermetallic Compound Formation in Ni-Ti-Fe(Cu) Powder Mixtures.”##23-C. L. Ou, D. W. Liaw, Y. C. Du, and R. K. Shiue, “Brazing of 422 stainless steel using the AWS classification BNi-2 Braze alloy,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 41, no. 19. pp. 6353–6361, 2006, doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0709-0.##24-B. Szwed and M. Konieczny, “Structural changes during the formation of diffusion bonded joints between titanium and stainless steel,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 461, p. 012082, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/461/1/012082.##25-Lin, Shiue, Wu, and Lin, “Dissimilar Infrared Brazing of CoCrFe(Mn)Ni Equiatomic High Entropy Alloys and 316 Stainless Steel,” Crystals, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 518, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.3390/cryst9100518.##26-S. B. Jung, T. Yamane, Y. Minamino, K. Hirao, H. Araki, and S. Saji, “Interdiffusion and its size effect in nickel solid solutions of Ni-Co, Ni-Cr and Ni-Ti systems,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett., vol. 11, no. 20, pp. 1333–1337, 1992, doi: 10.1007/BF00729354.##27-V. Raghavan, “B-Fe-Ti (Boron-Iron-Titanium),” J. Phase Equilibria, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 455–456, May 2003, doi: 10.1361/105497103770330145.##28-C. L. Ou and R. K. Shiue, “Microstructural evolution of brazing 422 stainless steel using the BNi-3 braze alloy,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2337–2346, 2003, doi: 10.1023/A:1023928312572.##29-B. Binesh and S. Mirzaei, “Effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and electrochemical corrosion behavior of TLP bonded AISI 304L stainless steel,” 2022.##30-A. M. Atieh and T. I. Khan, “Transient liquid phase (TLP) brazing of Mg–AZ31 and Ti–6Al–4V using Ni and Cu sandwich foils,” Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 333–342, May 2014, doi: 10.1179/ 1362171814Y.0000000196.##31-L. X. Zhang, Z. Sun, Q. Xue, M. Lei, and X. Y. Tian, “Transient liquid phase bonding of IC10 single crystal with GH3039 superalloy using BNi2 interlayer: Microstructure and mechanical properties,” Mater. Des., vol. 90, pp. 949–957, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes. 2015.11.041.##32-M. A. Mofid, R. Barazandeh, and M. Jafarzadegan, “Vacuum Brazing of NIMONIC 105 Superalloy Using W-Rich BNi-10 and Conventional BNi-2 Fillers,” Jom, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11837-023-05944-x.##33-H. Carreon, A. Ruiz, and B. Santoveña, “Study of aging effects in a Ti-6AL-4V alloy with widmanstätten and equiaxed microstructures by non-destructive means,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1581 33, pp. 739–745, 2014, doi: 10.1063/1.4864894.##34-H. Mirzadeh and A. Najafizadeh, “Aging kinetics of 17-4 PH stainless steel,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 119–124, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys. 2009.02.049.##35-B. Zhao, D. Jian, L. Ma, Y. Ding, and L. Zhou, “Precipitation of intermetallic compounds in brazing of titanium and steel using brass filler,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 285, p. 116730, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116730.##36-W. Jiang, J. M. Gong, and S. T. Tu, “Effect of holding time on vacuum brazing for a stainless steel plate-fin structure,” Mater. Des., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 2157–2162, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.001.##1-I. Kawakatsu and Y. Suezawa, “Effects of surface preparations of base metal on the brazed joint strength,” Transactions of the Japan Welding Soeiet, vol. 3, no. 1. 1972.##2-Lucas Milhaupt, “The Brazing Book,” Lucas Milhaupt, 2004.##3-C. C. Liu, C. L. Ou, and R. K. Shiue, “The microstructural observation and wettability study of brazing Ti-6Al-4V and 304 stainless steel using three braze alloys,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 2225–2235, 2002, doi: 10.1023/A:1015356930476.##4-A. A. 8M/A5. 8:201.-A. 1 and A. A. N. Standard, “Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding,” Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding. 2019.##5-International Standards, “ISO 17672:2016 - Brazing — Filler metals.” 2016, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-026169-0.50011-6.##6-Rob Snell, “novel brazing alloy,” University of Sheffield, 2017.##7-M. M. Shwartz, “Brazing: Second edition.” 2003.##8-J. D. Destefani, “Introduction to Titanium and Titanium Alloys,” Prop. Sel. Nonferrous Alloy. Spec. Mater., pp. 586–591, 2018, doi: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001080.##9-C. T. Chang and R. K. Shiue, “Infrared brazing Ti–6Al–4V and Mo using the Ti–15Cu–15Ni braze alloy,” Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 161–170, May 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.01.002.##10-A. E. Shapiro, “Brazing of Conventional Titanium Alloys,” Welding, Brazing, Solder., pp. 1–25, 2018, doi: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0009239.##11-Y. Gao, T. Tsumura, and K. Nakata, “Dissimilar welding of titanium alloys to steels,” Trans. JWRI, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 7–12, 2012.##12-N. K. Adomako, J. O. Kim, S. H. Lee, K. H. Noh, and J. H. Kim, “Dissimilar welding between Ti–6Al–4V and 17-4PH stainless steel using a vanadium interlayer,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 732, pp. 378–397, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.07.015.##13-A. Y. A. Mahdavi Shaker, H. Momeni, A.Khorram, “The effect of electron beam welding parameters on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of dissimilar joint between 17-4PH steel and Ti6Al4V alloy,” J. Weld. Sci. Technol. ofIran, vol. 9, no. 1, 2023.##14-R. K. Shiue, S. K. Wu, and J. Y. Shiue, “Infrared brazing of Ti-6Al-4V and 17-4 PH stainless steel with (Ni)/Cr barrier layer(s),” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 488, no. 1–2. pp. 186–194, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.075.##15-S. Kundu, B. Mishra, D. L. Olson, and S. Chatterjee, “Interfacial reactions and strength properties of diffusion bonded joints of Ti64 alloy and 17-4PH stainless steel using nickel alloy interlayer,” Mater. Des., vol. 51, pp. 714–722, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.088.##16-Q. Sun and S. Lu, “Elements diffusion and mechanical properties of 15-5PH stainless steel joint brazed with BNi-2 filler metal,” Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 850, pp.700–705, 2016, doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/ MSF.850.700.##17-A. Doroudi, A. E. Pilehrood, M. Mohebinia, A. Dastgheib, A. Rajabi, and H. Omidvar, “Effect of the isothermal solidification completion on the mechanical properties of Inconel 625 transient liquid phase bond by changing bonding temperature,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 10355–10365, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.07.015.##18-“JIS Z 3192：1999 Methods of tensile and shear tests for brazed joint.pdf.” [Online]. Available: http://kikakurui.com/z7/Z7311-2010-01.html.##19-G. F. Bastin and G. D. Rieck, “Diffusion in the Titanium-Nickel Systems--1, 2. Occurence and Growth of the Various Intermetallic Compounds.,” Met. Trans, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 1817–1831, 1974, doi: 10.1007/bf02644146.##20-S. V. Divinski, I. Stloukal, L. Kral, and C. Herzig, “Diffusion of Titanium and Nickel in B2 NiTi,” Defect Diffus. Forum, vol. 289–292, pp. 377–382, Apr. 2009, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.289-292.377.##21-A. Elrefaey and W. Tillmann, “Brazing of titanium to steel with different filler metals: Analysis and comparison,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 45, no. 16, pp. 4332–4338, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s10853-010-4357-z.##22-T. Bertilsson Supervisor, H. Sina, and S. Iyengar, “Intermetallic Compound Formation in Ni-Ti-Fe(Cu) Powder Mixtures.”##23-C. L. Ou, D. W. Liaw, Y. C. Du, and R. K. Shiue, “Brazing of 422 stainless steel using the AWS classification BNi-2 Braze alloy,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 41, no. 19. pp. 6353–6361, 2006, doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0709-0.##24-B. Szwed and M. Konieczny, “Structural changes during the formation of diffusion bonded joints between titanium and stainless steel,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 461, p. 012082, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/461/1/012082.##25-Lin, Shiue, Wu, and Lin, “Dissimilar Infrared Brazing of CoCrFe(Mn)Ni Equiatomic High Entropy Alloys and 316 Stainless Steel,” Crystals, vol. 9, no. 10, p. 518, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.3390/cryst9100518.##26-S. B. Jung, T. Yamane, Y. Minamino, K. Hirao, H. Araki, and S. Saji, “Interdiffusion and its size effect in nickel solid solutions of Ni-Co, Ni-Cr and Ni-Ti systems,” J. Mater. Sci. Lett., vol. 11, no. 20, pp. 1333–1337, 1992, doi: 10.1007/BF00729354.##27-V. Raghavan, “B-Fe-Ti (Boron-Iron-Titanium),” J. Phase Equilibria, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 455–456, May 2003, doi: 10.1361/105497103770330145.##28-C. L. Ou and R. K. Shiue, “Microstructural evolution of brazing 422 stainless steel using the BNi-3 braze alloy,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2337–2346, 2003, doi: 10.1023/A:1023928312572.##29-B. Binesh and S. Mirzaei, “Effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and electrochemical corrosion behavior of TLP bonded AISI 304L stainless steel,” 2022.##30-A. M. Atieh and T. I. Khan, “Transient liquid phase (TLP) brazing of Mg–AZ31 and Ti–6Al–4V using Ni and Cu sandwich foils,” Sci. Technol. Weld. Join., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 333–342, May 2014, doi: 10.1179/ 1362171814Y.0000000196.##31-L. X. Zhang, Z. Sun, Q. Xue, M. Lei, and X. Y. Tian, “Transient liquid phase bonding of IC10 single crystal with GH3039 superalloy using BNi2 interlayer: Microstructure and mechanical properties,” Mater. Des., vol. 90, pp. 949–957, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes. 2015.11.041.##32-M. A. Mofid, R. Barazandeh, and M. Jafarzadegan, “Vacuum Brazing of NIMONIC 105 Superalloy Using W-Rich BNi-10 and Conventional BNi-2 Fillers,” Jom, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s11837-023-05944-x.##33-H. Carreon, A. Ruiz, and B. Santoveña, “Study of aging effects in a Ti-6AL-4V alloy with widmanstätten and equiaxed microstructures by non-destructive means,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1581 33, pp. 739–745, 2014, doi: 10.1063/1.4864894.##34-H. Mirzadeh and A. Najafizadeh, “Aging kinetics of 17-4 PH stainless steel,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 116, no. 1, pp. 119–124, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys. 2009.02.049.##35-B. Zhao, D. Jian, L. Ma, Y. Ding, and L. Zhou, “Precipitation of intermetallic compounds in brazing of titanium and steel using brass filler,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 285, p. 116730, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116730.##36-W. Jiang, J. M. Gong, and S. T. Tu, “Effect of holding time on vacuum brazing for a stainless steel plate-fin structure,” Mater. Des., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 2157–2162, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.001. ##

مطالعه ریزساختار، تغییرات فازی و استحکام دمای بالا اتصال Hastelloy X - Ni3Al توسط فرایند TLP Study of microstructure, phase transformation and high temperature strength of hastelloy X and Ni3Al joint by TLP process 1 1 در این مقاله، خواص مکانیکی اتصال فاز مایع گذرا (TLP) بین Hastelloy X به ترکیب بین فلزیNi3Al در محدوده دمایی 900-800 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ریزساختار اتصال توسط میکروسکوپ‌های نوری و الکترونی روبشی مطالعه شد. همچنین جهت بررسی تغییرات فازی در دماهای مختلف نیمه اتصال، از آزمون XRD دما بالا بهره گرفته شد. طبق مشاهدات میکروسکوپی، مقطع اتصال از سه منطقه متأثر از نفوذ، انجماد همدما و انجماد غیر همدما تشکیل شده بود که با افزایش دما و زمان فرایند، ناحیه انجماد همدما متشکل از محلول جامد غنی از نیکل در عرض ریزساختار گسترش یافت. استحکام اتصال بهینه در دمای °C1100 و زمان 180 دقیقه برابر با 4.5 ± 355 مگاپاسکال به دست آمد. استحکام برشی گرم در دماهای 800 و 900 به ترتیب به 1 ± 36.5 و 1 ± 20.5 مگاپاسکال اندازه گیری شد. شکست در سمت ترکیب بین فلزی در هر دو دمای آزمون به علت حضور حفرات انقباضی در حین مرحله انجماد ترکیب بین فلزی رخ داد. 2 In this study, mechanical properties of the transient liquid phase (TLP) bonds between Hastelloy X to Ni3Al IMC at temperature range of 800 - 900 °C were investigated. The microstructure of the joints was examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Also, high temperature XRD (HTXRD) analysis was utilized to investigate the phase changes at different temperatures of half-joints. According to microscopic observations, the joint cross-section consisted of three regions including diffusion affected zone (DAZ), isothermal solidification zone (ISZ), and Athermal solidification zone (ASZ), which increasing temperature and time result in ISZ consisting of nickel-rich solid solution developed across the microstructure. The optimum joint bonding strength was achieved for the sample treated at 1100 °C – 180 min equal to 355 ± 4.5 MPa. The ultimate tensile strength reached 36.5 ± 1 and 20.5 ± 1 MPa at temperatures of 800 °C and 900 °C, respectively. Fracture occurred on the side of the IMC substrates at both test temperatures due to the presence of shrinkage porosity during the solidification stage of IMC and crystal lattice parameters mismatch with the matrix. 115 128 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/212023/05/172023/03/102023/09/212023/09/202023/10/122023/11/3 1402/8/12 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/182023/08/232023/08/232023/10/102023/11/102023/08/232023/12/14 1402/9/23 اسماعیل گنجه E. Ganjeh پژوهشکده مواد و انرژی‌های نو، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران ایران e.ganjeh@irost.ir علی کفلو Ali Kaflou پژوهشکده مواد و انرژی‌های نو، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران ایران ali.kaflou@irost.ir کورش شیروانی Kourosh Shirvani پژوهشکده مواد و انرژی‌های نو، سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی ایران ایران shirvani@irost.ir Hastelloy X Intermetallic compound strength joint Microstructure. سوپرآلیاژ Hastelloy X ترکیب بین فلزی Ni3Al استحکام اتصال ریزساختار. 1-Yang G-x, Xu Y-f, Jiang L, Liang S-h. High temperature tensile properties and fracture behavior of cast nickel-base K445 superalloy. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 2011;21(5):418-25.##2-Ghasemi A, Kolagar AM, Pouranvari M. Microstructure-performance relationships in gas tungsten arc welded Hastelloy X nickel-based superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020;793:139861.##3-Zhang L, Chang Q, Sun Z, Xue Q, Feng J. Effects of boron and silicon on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase bonded GH3039/IC10 joints. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2019;38:167-73.##4-Pouranvari M, Ekrami A, Kokabi A. Effect of bonding temperature on microstructure development during TLP bonding of a nickel base superalloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2009;469(1-2):270-5.##5-Ganjeh E, Kaflou A, Shirvani K. High temperature shear and thermal aging behavior of dissimilar transient liquid phase bonded Hastelloy X to Ni3Al intermetallic compound. Intermetallics. 2023;159:107916.##6-Samani MS, Bahrami A, Karimzadeh F. Microstructure and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase (TLP)-bonded Ni3Al intermetallic compounds. Materials Today Communications. 2019;21:100619.##7-Malekan A, Farvizi M, Mirsalehi S, Saito N, Nakashima K. Influence of bonding time on the transient liquid phase bonding behavior of Hastelloy X using Ni-Cr-B-Si-Fe filler alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019;755:37-49.##8-Malekan A, Farvizi M, Mirsalehi S, Saito N, Nakashima K. Effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X superalloy joints bonded with a Ni–Cr–B–Si–Fe interlayer. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2019;47:129-40.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.09.030##9-Sah I, Kim E-S. High-temperature tensile behavior of diffusion-welded hastelloy X. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 2022;36(7):3419-28.##10-Ganjeh E, Kaflou A, Shirvani K. Microstructure and shear strength investigating of dissimilar bonding of Hastelloy X to Ni3Al intermetallic composite by the transient liquid phase process 11th International Conference on Materials Engineering and Metallurgy (iMat2022), ; Iran,1401. [In Persian].##11-Metals hand book, Vol 9: metallography and microstructures. USA: ASM; 1998.##12-Tomlinson W, Andrews A. Densities of fcc nickel–iron alloys. Metal Science. 1978;12(5):263-4.##13-Dieter GE. Mechnical metallurgy. 3ed ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001.##14-Yang Z, Lian J, Cai X, Wang Y, Wang D, Liu Y. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni3Al-based alloy joint transient liquid phase bonded using Ni/Ti interlayer. Intermetallics. 2019;109:179-88.##15-Wu J, Liu Y-C, Li C, Xia X-C, Wu Y-T, Li H-J, et al. Microstructural characterization and phase separation sequences during solidification of Ni3Al-based superalloy. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters). 2017;30(10):949-56.##16-Ghasemi A, Pouranvari M. Thermal processing strategies enabling boride dissolution and gamma prime precipitation in dissimilar nickel-based superalloys transient liquid phase bond. Materials & Design. 2019;182:108008.##17-Jamaloei AD, Khorram A, Jafari A. Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar TLP bonding between IN718/IN600 with BNi-2 interlayer. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2017;29:447-57.##18-Porter DA, Easterling KE. Phase transformations in metals and alloys (revised reprint): CRC press; 2009.##19-Shiue R, Wu S, Hung C. Infrared repair brazing of 403 stainless steel with a nickel-based braze alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2002;33:1765-73.##20-Malekan A, Farvizi M, Mirsalehi S, Saito N, Nakashima K. Holding time influence on creep behavior of transient liquid phase bonded joints of Hastelloy X. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020;772: 138694.##21-Hermann K. Crystallography and surface structure: an introduction for surface scientists and nanoscientists:John Wiley & Sons; 2017.##22-Stepanova N, Davydov D, Rodionov D, Philippov YI, Akshentsev YN, Vinogradova N, et al. Structure and mechanical properties of an Ni3Al single crystal upon high-temperature deformation. The Physics of Metals and Metallography. 2011;111(4):403-9. ##23-Marsh C, Depinoy S, Kaoumi D. Effect of heat treatment on the temperature dependence of the fracture behavior of X-750 alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2016;677:474-84.##24-Mills WJ, James LA. Effect of Temperature on the Fatigue‐Crack Propagation Behavior of Inconel X‐750. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures. 1980;3(2):159-75.##25-W.F. Smith. Structure and properties of engineering alloys. 2th ed: McGraw-Hill; 1993.##1-Yang G-x, Xu Y-f, Jiang L, Liang S-h. High temperature tensile properties and fracture behavior of cast nickel-base K445 superalloy. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 2011;21(5):418-25.##2-Ghasemi A, Kolagar AM, Pouranvari M. Microstructure-performance relationships in gas tungsten arc welded Hastelloy X nickel-based superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020;793:139861.##3-Zhang L, Chang Q, Sun Z, Xue Q, Feng J. Effects of boron and silicon on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase bonded GH3039/IC10 joints. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2019;38:167-73.##4-Pouranvari M, Ekrami A, Kokabi A. Effect of bonding temperature on microstructure development during TLP bonding of a nickel base superalloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2009;469(1-2):270-5.##5-Ganjeh E, Kaflou A, Shirvani K. High temperature shear and thermal aging behavior of dissimilar transient liquid phase bonded Hastelloy X to Ni3Al intermetallic compound. Intermetallics. 2023;159:107916.##6-Samani MS, Bahrami A, Karimzadeh F. Microstructure and mechanical properties of transient liquid phase (TLP)-bonded Ni3Al intermetallic compounds. Materials Today Communications. 2019;21:100619.##7-Malekan A, Farvizi M, Mirsalehi S, Saito N, Nakashima K. Influence of bonding time on the transient liquid phase bonding behavior of Hastelloy X using Ni-Cr-B-Si-Fe filler alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019;755:37-49.##8-Malekan A, Farvizi M, Mirsalehi S, Saito N, Nakashima K. Effect of bonding temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Hastelloy X superalloy joints bonded with a Ni–Cr–B–Si–Fe interlayer. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2019;47:129-40.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.09.030##9-Sah I, Kim E-S. High-temperature tensile behavior of diffusion-welded hastelloy X. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 2022;36(7):3419-28.##10-Ganjeh E, Kaflou A, Shirvani K. Microstructure and shear strength investigating of dissimilar bonding of Hastelloy X to Ni3Al intermetallic composite by the transient liquid phase process 11th International Conference on Materials Engineering and Metallurgy (iMat2022), ; Iran,1401. [In Persian].##11-Metals hand book, Vol 9: metallography and microstructures. USA: ASM; 1998.##12-Tomlinson W, Andrews A. Densities of fcc nickel–iron alloys. Metal Science. 1978;12(5):263-4.##13-Dieter GE. Mechnical metallurgy. 3ed ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001.##14-Yang Z, Lian J, Cai X, Wang Y, Wang D, Liu Y. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ni3Al-based alloy joint transient liquid phase bonded using Ni/Ti interlayer. Intermetallics. 2019;109:179-88.##15-Wu J, Liu Y-C, Li C, Xia X-C, Wu Y-T, Li H-J, et al. Microstructural characterization and phase separation sequences during solidification of Ni3Al-based superalloy. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters). 2017;30(10):949-56.##16-Ghasemi A, Pouranvari M. Thermal processing strategies enabling boride dissolution and gamma prime precipitation in dissimilar nickel-based superalloys transient liquid phase bond. Materials & Design. 2019;182:108008.##17-Jamaloei AD, Khorram A, Jafari A. Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar TLP bonding between IN718/IN600 with BNi-2 interlayer. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2017;29:447-57.##18-Porter DA, Easterling KE. Phase transformations in metals and alloys (revised reprint): CRC press; 2009.##19-Shiue R, Wu S, Hung C. Infrared repair brazing of 403 stainless steel with a nickel-based braze alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2002;33:1765-73.##20-Malekan A, Farvizi M, Mirsalehi S, Saito N, Nakashima K. Holding time influence on creep behavior of transient liquid phase bonded joints of Hastelloy X. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020;772: 138694.##21-Hermann K. Crystallography and surface structure: an introduction for surface scientists and nanoscientists:John Wiley & Sons; 2017.##22-Stepanova N, Davydov D, Rodionov D, Philippov YI, Akshentsev YN, Vinogradova N, et al. Structure and mechanical properties of an Ni3Al single crystal upon high-temperature deformation. The Physics of Metals and Metallography. 2011;111(4):403-9. ##23-Marsh C, Depinoy S, Kaoumi D. Effect of heat treatment on the temperature dependence of the fracture behavior of X-750 alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2016;677:474-84.##24-Mills WJ, James LA. Effect of Temperature on the Fatigue‐Crack Propagation Behavior of Inconel X‐750. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures. 1980;3(2):159-75.##25-W.F. Smith. Structure and properties of engineering alloys. 2th ed: McGraw-Hill; 1993. ##

تاثیر چگالی انرژی بر ریزساختار رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری سوپرآلیاژ استلایت6 روی فولاد زنگ‌نزن 316 Microstructural characterization of the effect of energy density on direct laser deposition of stellite 6 on 316 stainless steel 1 1 با توجه به کاربرد فولاد 316 در تجهیزات حمل‌ونقل، فضایی و شیمیایی، افزایش عمر و بازسازی آن مورد تقاضای این صنایع است. در این پژوهش تأثیر چگالی انرژی لیزر بر ریزساختار و مشخصات هندسی شامل عرض، ارتفاع و آمیختگی روکش حاصل از رسو‌ب‌نشانی استلایت6 روی زیرلایه فولاد316 موردبررسی قرار گرفت. طراحی آزمایش با تغییرات چگالی انرژی از 40 تا 116 ژول بر میلی‌متر و تغییرات نرخ پودر در سطوحی بین 12 تا 20 گرم بر دقیقه انجام شد. برای ارزیابی نمونه‌ها از تصاویر میکروسکوپی نوری، الکترونی و آنالیز طیف‌سنجی پراش انرژی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد در ناحیه فصل مشترک با افزایش چگالی انرژی در نرخ پودرهای مختلف ابعاد بازوهای دندریتی اولیه  از 5/1 میکرومتر با افزایش2 برابری به حدود 3 میکرومتر افزایش می‌یابد. به‌عبارت‌دیگر سرعت سرد شدن 2 برابر می‌شود. افزایش چگالی انرژی از 40 به 75 ژول بر میلی‌متر منجر به کاهش نسبت کبالت به کروم (مؤثر در خواص سایشی) از 2 به 7/0 و همچنین کاهش نسبت کبالت به آهن (کنترل‌کننده استحاله آلوتروپیک) از 35 به 3 در ناحیه دندریتی شد؛ این مسئله نشان‌دهنده‌ نقش بسیار مهم چگالی انرژی بر ریزساختار و تحولات فازی است. 2 316 steel is used in transportation, space, and chemical equipment. This steel is in demand in these industries due to its durability. It is used to increase the lifespan and renovate equipment. The research explores the impact of laser energy density on st6 cladding. It specifically focuses on the microstructure and geometric characteristics of the cladding. The cladding is applied on 316 steel. The experiment was designed with energy density changes from 40 to 116 J/mm and powder rate changes between 12 and 20 g/min. Optical and electron microscopic images were used to evaluate the samples. The results indicated that the dendritic arms grew larger with increased energy density. The dimensions increased from 1.5 to approximately 3. In other words, the speed of cooling is doubled. Increasing energy density from 40 to 75 J/mm reduced cobalt to chromium ratio from 2 to 0.7. It also decreased cobalt to iron ratio from 35 to 3. The changes emphasize how energy density affects microstructure and phase transformations. 129 141 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/212023/05/172023/03/102023/09/212023/09/202023/10/122023/11/32023/12/3 1402/9/12 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/182023/08/232023/08/232023/10/102023/11/102023/08/232023/12/142023/12/31 1402/10/10 سید حمید هاشمی S. H. Hashemi دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، دانشکده مهندسی مواد، اصفهان. ایران sayyedhamidhashemi@gmail.com رضا وفایی R. Vafaei دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، دانشکده مهندسی مواد، اصفهان. ایران a_vafa80@yahoo.com سید رضا شجاع رضوی R. Shoja-Razavi دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت، تهران. ایران shoja_r@yahoo.com Austenitic Stainless Steel 316 Satellite6 Laser Coating Energy Density Microstructure. فولاد زنگ‌نزن آستنیتی 316 استلایت6 روکش‌کاری لیزری چگالی انرژی ریزساختار. 1-Gong N, Meng TL, Cao J, Wang Y, Karyappa R, Ivan Tan CK, et al. Laser-cladding of high entropy alloy coatings: an overview. Mater Technol. 2023;38(1):2151696. ##2-Singh S, Goyal DK, Kumar P, Bansal A. Laser cladding technique for erosive wear applications: a review. Mater Res Express. 2020;7(1):012007. ##3-Yan F, Xiong W, Faierson EJ. Grain structure control of additively manufactured metallic materials. Materials. 2017;10(11):1260. ##4-Liu P, Wang Z, Xiao Y, Horstemeyer MF, Cui X, Chen L. Insight into the mechanisms of columnar to equiaxed grain transition during metallic additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf. 2019;26:22–9. ##5-Washko SD, Aggen G. ASM Handbook Volume 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys. Vol1 ASM Handb ASM Int. 1990;990:841–907. ##6-Kumar AV, Selvakumar AS, Ravikumar N, Dinesh B, Rahman KA. Free Vibration Study of Nd-YAG Laser welded Stainless Steel 316 joints Reinforced with Stellite Powder. Mater Today Proc. 2020;22:1369–73. ##7-Naseri Alenjagh M, Saeid T. Microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar friction stir welding between aluminum 1050 and 316L stainless steel. Iut-Jwsti. 2023 May 1;9(1):67–82. ##8-Bhoskar A, Kalyankar V, Deshmukh D. Metallurgical characterisation of multi-track Stellite 6 coating on SS316L substrate. Can Metall Q. 2023;62(4):665–77. ##9-Singh PK, Mishra SB. Studies on solid particle erosion behaviour of D-Gun sprayed WC-Co, Stellite 6 and Stellite 21 coatings on SAE213-T12 boiler steel at 400° C temperature. Surf Coat Technol. 2020;385:125353. ##10-Borhani MR, Shoja Razavi SR, Kermani F, Erfan Manesh M, Barekat SM, Naderi Samani H, et al. Investigating the microstructure and hardness of 17-4PH steel and Stellite cladded by direct laser deposition process on 17-4PH steel substrate. Iut-Jwsti. 2023 Jan 1;8(2):69–81. ##11-Thawari N, Gullipalli C, Katiyar JK, Gupta T. Effect of multi-layer laser cladding of Stellite 6 and Inconel 718 materials on clad geometry, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. Mater Today Commun. 2021;28:102604. ##12-Singh R, Kumar D, Mishra SK, Tiwari S. Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance. Surf Coat Technol. 2014;251:87–97. ##13-Song B, Yu T, Jiang X, Xi W, Lin X. The relationship between convection mechanism and solidification structure of the iron-based molten pool in metal laser direct deposition. Int J Mech Sci. 2020;165:105207. ##14-Schönmaier H, Krein R, Schmitz-Niederau M, Schnitzer R. Influence of the heat input on the dendritic solidification structure and the mechanical properties of 2.25 Cr-1Mo-0.25 V submerged-arc weld metal. J Mater Eng Perform. 2021;30(10):7138–51. ##15-Chen C, Meiping W, Rui H, Yuling G, Xiaojin M. Understanding Stellite-6 coating prepared by laser cladding: Convection and columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Opt Laser Technol. 2022 May 1;149:107885. ##16-kermani F, Shoja Razavi R, Zangenemadar K, Borhani M, Gavahian M. Optimization of single-pass geometric characteristics of IN718 by fiber laser via linear regression and response surface methodology. J Mater Res Technol. 2023 May 1;24:274–89. ##17-Ilanlou M, Shoja Razavi R, Haghighat S, Nourollahi A. Multi-track laser metal deposition of Stellite6 on martensitic stainless steel: Geometry optimization and defects suppression. J Manuf Process. 2023 Jan 27;86:177–86. ##18-Bakhshayesh MM, Khodabakhshi F, Farshidianfar MH, Nagy Š, Mohammadi M, Wilde G. Additive manufacturing of Stellite 6 alloy by laser-directed energy deposition: Engineering the crystallographic texture. Mater Charact. 2024 Jan 1;207:113511. ##19-Cui C, Wu M, Miao X, Gong Y, Zhao Z. The effect of laser energy density on the geometric characteristics, microstructure and corrosion resistance of Co-based coatings by laser cladding. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;15:2405–18. ##20-Zhang W, Chabok A, Kooi BJ, Pei Y. Additive manufactured high entropy alloys: A review of the microstructure and properties. Mater Des. 2022;220:110875. ##21-Svetlizky D, Das M, Zheng B, Vyatskikh AL, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A, et al. Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing: Physical characteristics, defects, challenges and applications. Mater Today. 2021;49:271–95. ##22-Herzog D, Seyda V, Wycisk E, Emmelmann C. Additive manufacturing of metals. Acta Mater. 2016;117:371–92. ##23-Schneider MF, Schneider MF. Laser cladding with powder. 1998; ##24-Lin Z, Ya W, Subramanian VV, Goulas C, di Castri B, Hermans MJM, et al. Deposition of Stellite 6 alloy on steel substrates using wire and arc additive manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2020;111(1):411–26. ##25-Lusquiños F, Comesaña R, Riveiro A, Quintero F, Pou J. Fibre laser micro-cladding of Co-based alloys on stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2009;203(14):1933–40. ##26-Thawari N, Gullipalli C, Katiyar JK, Gupta TVK. Influence of buffer layer on surface and tribomechanical properties of laser cladded Stellite 6. Mater Sci Eng B. 2021;263:114799. ##27-Liu P, Wang Z, Xiao Y, Horstemeyer MF, Cui X, Chen L. Insight into the mechanisms of columnar to equiaxed grain transition during metallic additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf. 2019;26:22–9. ##28-Yan F, Xiong W, Faierson EJ. Grain structure control of additively manufactured metallic materials. Materials. 2017;10(11):1260. ##29-Helmer H, Bauereiß A, Singer RF, Körner C. Grain structure evolution in Inconel 718 during selective electron beam melting. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016;668:180–7. ##30-Zhu Y, Liu D, Tian X, Tang H, Wang H. Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ti–6.5 Al–3.5 Mo–1.5 Zr–0.3 Si titanium alloy. Mater Des 1980-2015. 2014;56:445–53. ##31-Li Z, Cui Y, Wang J, Liu C, Wang J, Xu T, et al. Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of Stellite 6 part fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing. Metals. 2019 by wire arc additive manufacturing. Metals. 2019 ;9(4):474.##32-Xu G, Kutsuna M, Liu Z, Yamada K. Comparison between diode laser and TIG cladding of Co-based alloys on the SUS403 stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2006;201(3–4):1138–44. ##33-Moradi M, Ashoori A, Hasani A. Additive manufacturing of stellite 6 superalloy by direct laser metal deposition–Part 1: Effects of laser power and focal plane position. Opt Laser Technol. 2020;131:106328. ##34-Mirshekari GR, Daee S, Bonabi SF, Tavakoli MR, Shafyei A, Safaei M. Effect of interlayers on the microstructure and wear resistance of Stellite 6 coatings deposited on AISI 420 stainless steel by GTAW technique. Surf Interfaces. 2017;9:79–92. ##35-Apay S, Gulenc B. Wear properties of AISI 1015 steel coated with Stellite 6 by microlaser welding. Mater Des. 2014;55:1–8. ##36-Lippold JC. Welding metallurgy and weldability. John Wiley & Sons; 2014. ##37-Kou S. Welding metallurgy. N J USA. 2003;431–46.##1-Gong N, Meng TL, Cao J, Wang Y, Karyappa R, Ivan Tan CK, et al. Laser-cladding of high entropy alloy coatings: an overview. Mater Technol. 2023;38(1):2151696. ##2-Singh S, Goyal DK, Kumar P, Bansal A. Laser cladding technique for erosive wear applications: a review. Mater Res Express. 2020;7(1):012007. ##3-Yan F, Xiong W, Faierson EJ. Grain structure control of additively manufactured metallic materials. Materials. 2017;10(11):1260. ##4-Liu P, Wang Z, Xiao Y, Horstemeyer MF, Cui X, Chen L. Insight into the mechanisms of columnar to equiaxed grain transition during metallic additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf. 2019;26:22–9. ##5-Washko SD, Aggen G. ASM Handbook Volume 1, Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys. Vol1 ASM Handb ASM Int. 1990;990:841–907. ##6-Kumar AV, Selvakumar AS, Ravikumar N, Dinesh B, Rahman KA. Free Vibration Study of Nd-YAG Laser welded Stainless Steel 316 joints Reinforced with Stellite Powder. Mater Today Proc. 2020;22:1369–73. ##7-Naseri Alenjagh M, Saeid T. Microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar friction stir welding between aluminum 1050 and 316L stainless steel. Iut-Jwsti. 2023 May 1;9(1):67–82. ##8-Bhoskar A, Kalyankar V, Deshmukh D. Metallurgical characterisation of multi-track Stellite 6 coating on SS316L substrate. Can Metall Q. 2023;62(4):665–77. ##9-Singh PK, Mishra SB. Studies on solid particle erosion behaviour of D-Gun sprayed WC-Co, Stellite 6 and Stellite 21 coatings on SAE213-T12 boiler steel at 400° C temperature. Surf Coat Technol. 2020;385:125353. ##10-Borhani MR, Shoja Razavi SR, Kermani F, Erfan Manesh M, Barekat SM, Naderi Samani H, et al. Investigating the microstructure and hardness of 17-4PH steel and Stellite cladded by direct laser deposition process on 17-4PH steel substrate. Iut-Jwsti. 2023 Jan 1;8(2):69–81. ##11-Thawari N, Gullipalli C, Katiyar JK, Gupta T. Effect of multi-layer laser cladding of Stellite 6 and Inconel 718 materials on clad geometry, microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. Mater Today Commun. 2021;28:102604. ##12-Singh R, Kumar D, Mishra SK, Tiwari S. Laser cladding of Stellite 6 on stainless steel to enhance solid particle erosion and cavitation resistance. Surf Coat Technol. 2014;251:87–97. ##13-Song B, Yu T, Jiang X, Xi W, Lin X. The relationship between convection mechanism and solidification structure of the iron-based molten pool in metal laser direct deposition. Int J Mech Sci. 2020;165:105207. ##14-Schönmaier H, Krein R, Schmitz-Niederau M, Schnitzer R. Influence of the heat input on the dendritic solidification structure and the mechanical properties of 2.25 Cr-1Mo-0.25 V submerged-arc weld metal. J Mater Eng Perform. 2021;30(10):7138–51. ##15-Chen C, Meiping W, Rui H, Yuling G, Xiaojin M. Understanding Stellite-6 coating prepared by laser cladding: Convection and columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Opt Laser Technol. 2022 May 1;149:107885. ##16-kermani F, Shoja Razavi R, Zangenemadar K, Borhani M, Gavahian M. Optimization of single-pass geometric characteristics of IN718 by fiber laser via linear regression and response surface methodology. J Mater Res Technol. 2023 May 1;24:274–89. ##17-Ilanlou M, Shoja Razavi R, Haghighat S, Nourollahi A. Multi-track laser metal deposition of Stellite6 on martensitic stainless steel: Geometry optimization and defects suppression. J Manuf Process. 2023 Jan 27;86:177–86. ##18-Bakhshayesh MM, Khodabakhshi F, Farshidianfar MH, Nagy Š, Mohammadi M, Wilde G. Additive manufacturing of Stellite 6 alloy by laser-directed energy deposition: Engineering the crystallographic texture. Mater Charact. 2024 Jan 1;207:113511. ##19-Cui C, Wu M, Miao X, Gong Y, Zhao Z. The effect of laser energy density on the geometric characteristics, microstructure and corrosion resistance of Co-based coatings by laser cladding. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;15:2405–18. ##20-Zhang W, Chabok A, Kooi BJ, Pei Y. Additive manufactured high entropy alloys: A review of the microstructure and properties. Mater Des. 2022;220:110875. ##21-Svetlizky D, Das M, Zheng B, Vyatskikh AL, Bose S, Bandyopadhyay A, et al. Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing: Physical characteristics, defects, challenges and applications. Mater Today. 2021;49:271–95. ##22-Herzog D, Seyda V, Wycisk E, Emmelmann C. Additive manufacturing of metals. Acta Mater. 2016;117:371–92. ##23-Schneider MF, Schneider MF. Laser cladding with powder. 1998; ##24-Lin Z, Ya W, Subramanian VV, Goulas C, di Castri B, Hermans MJM, et al. Deposition of Stellite 6 alloy on steel substrates using wire and arc additive manufacturing. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2020;111(1):411–26. ##25-Lusquiños F, Comesaña R, Riveiro A, Quintero F, Pou J. Fibre laser micro-cladding of Co-based alloys on stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2009;203(14):1933–40. ##26-Thawari N, Gullipalli C, Katiyar JK, Gupta TVK. Influence of buffer layer on surface and tribomechanical properties of laser cladded Stellite 6. Mater Sci Eng B. 2021;263:114799. ##27-Liu P, Wang Z, Xiao Y, Horstemeyer MF, Cui X, Chen L. Insight into the mechanisms of columnar to equiaxed grain transition during metallic additive manufacturing. Addit Manuf. 2019;26:22–9. ##28-Yan F, Xiong W, Faierson EJ. Grain structure control of additively manufactured metallic materials. Materials. 2017;10(11):1260. ##29-Helmer H, Bauereiß A, Singer RF, Körner C. Grain structure evolution in Inconel 718 during selective electron beam melting. Mater Sci Eng A. 2016;668:180–7. ##30-Zhu Y, Liu D, Tian X, Tang H, Wang H. Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser melting deposited Ti–6.5 Al–3.5 Mo–1.5 Zr–0.3 Si titanium alloy. Mater Des 1980-2015. 2014;56:445–53. ##31-Li Z, Cui Y, Wang J, Liu C, Wang J, Xu T, et al. Characterization of microstructure and mechanical properties of Stellite 6 part fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing. Metals. 2019 by wire arc additive manufacturing. Metals. 2019 ;9(4):474.##32-Xu G, Kutsuna M, Liu Z, Yamada K. Comparison between diode laser and TIG cladding of Co-based alloys on the SUS403 stainless steel. Surf Coat Technol. 2006;201(3–4):1138–44. ##33-Moradi M, Ashoori A, Hasani A. Additive manufacturing of stellite 6 superalloy by direct laser metal deposition–Part 1: Effects of laser power and focal plane position. Opt Laser Technol. 2020;131:106328. ##34-Mirshekari GR, Daee S, Bonabi SF, Tavakoli MR, Shafyei A, Safaei M. Effect of interlayers on the microstructure and wear resistance of Stellite 6 coatings deposited on AISI 420 stainless steel by GTAW technique. Surf Interfaces. 2017;9:79–92. ##35-Apay S, Gulenc B. Wear properties of AISI 1015 steel coated with Stellite 6 by microlaser welding. Mater Des. 2014;55:1–8. ##36-Lippold JC. Welding metallurgy and weldability. John Wiley & Sons; 2014. ##37-Kou S. Welding metallurgy. N J USA. 2003;431–46. ##

بررسی ریزساختار و هندسه جوش فولاد زنگ نزن 316L در جوشکاری تیگ فعال با استفاده از ارتعاشات فراصوت Investigation of weld bead geometry and microstructures of 316L stainless steel in Activating flux TIG Welding using ultrasonic vibrations 1 1 در این مقاله ما از روش تیگ فعال با استفاده از ارتعاش فراصوت (UV) برای جوشکاری فولادL316 استفاده کردیم. در طی فرآیند جوشکاری الکترود تنگستن و گاز بی اثر فعال (A-TIG) امواج صوتی با شدت بالا توسط یک ژنراتور اولتراسونیک فرکانس بالا با فرکانس کاری بهینه 3/20 کیلوهرتز و دامنه ارتعاش 8 میکرومتر، تولید شده و به حوضچه جوش مذاب که با نانوذرات SiO2 به عنوان یک شار فعال کننده پوشش دهی شده است، وارد شد. اثر UV و نانوذرات بر هندسه جوش و ریزساختار جوش مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت و با فرآیند جوشکاری تیگ معمولی مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از نانوپودر در جوشکاری تیگ نه تنها می تواند عمق نفوذ جوش را حدود 5/17 درصد افزایش دهد، بلکه باعث کاهش 28 درصدی عرض مهره جوش (WBW) در مقایسه با جوشکاری تیگ معمولی می شود. این مقادیر در حضور امواج فراصوت به ترتیب به 25 درصد افزایش و 35 درصد کاهش می رسد. علاوه بر این، با افزودن نانومواد به حوضچه مذاب دانه ها ریزتر شد و امواج فراصوت به توزیع یکنواخت این نانوموادها در مذاب کمک کرده و درنهایت منجر به اصلاح ریزساختار جوش شده است. 2 In this study, we employed the active TIG method with ultrasonic vibration (UV) for welding 316L steel. Throughout the active tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding process, a high-frequency ultrasonic generator produced high-intensity acoustic waves at an optimal frequency of 20.3 kHz and a vibration amplitude of 8 micrometers. These waves were directed into the molten weld pool, covered by SiO2 nanoparticles serving as an activating flux. The effect of UV and nanoparticles on weld geometry and weld microstructure was analyzed and compared with conventional TIG welding proces. The results indicated that the use of nanopowder not only increased weld penetration by approximately 17.5% but also reduced the Weld Bead Width (WBW) by 28% compared to Conventional TIG. These values increased by 25% and decreased by 35%, respectively, in the presence of ultrasonic waves. Additionally, the introduction of nanomaterials into the molten pool led to finer grains. The ultrasonic waves played a crucial role in ensuring the uniform distribution of these nanomaterials in the melt, ultimately resulting in an enhanced microstructure of the weld. 143 153 2023/04/102023/05/132023/05/62023/02/212023/05/172023/03/102023/09/212023/09/202023/10/122023/11/32023/12/32023/11/26 1402/9/5 2023/05/202023/06/142023/06/182023/06/182023/08/232023/08/232023/10/102023/11/102023/08/232023/12/142023/12/312023/12/28 1402/10/7 محمدناصر صدرایی فر M. N. Sadraee Far گروه مهندسی مکانیک، دانشکده فنی مهندسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران m.n_sadraeefar@yahoo.com فرهاد کلاهان F. Kolahan گروه مهندسی مکانیک، دانشکده فنی مهندسی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران kolahan@um.ac.ir ctivating flux tungsten inert gas welding (A-TIG) ultrasonic vibrations Nanoparticles 316L stainless steel microstructure refinement. جوشکاری تنگستن با گاز خنثی شار فعال(اکتیوتیگ) ارتعاشات فراصوت نانو ذرات فولاد زنگ نزن L 316 اصلاح ریزساختار 1-Taheri Moghaddam N., Rabiezadeh A., Khosravifard A., Ghalandari L.. 2023. Microstructure and mechanical properties assessment of dissimilar AA5083/AA6061 joint welded by GTAW. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran 8(2): 23-35 (in Farsi).##2-Golestanehzadeh S., Mousavi Anijdan S.H., Najafi Dezdeh Monfared H.R.. 2022. Effect of oxide flux powders of SiO2, MoO3 and CuO on the diffusion depth, microstructure and microhardness of GTAWed precipitation hardening martensitic 17-4PH steel. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran. 8(1): 83-92 (in Farsi).##3-Kamlesh Kumara, Sushanta Chandra Deheria, Manoj Masanta. 2019. Effect of Activated Flux on TIG Welding of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel. Materials Today: Proceedings. 18: 4792–4798.##4-Qihao Chen, Hongliang Ge, Chunli Yang, Sanbao Lin and Chenglei Fan. 2017. Study on Pores in Ultrasonic-Assisted TIG Weld of Aluminum Alloy, Metals 53, doi:10.3390/met7020053.##5-Fattahi M., Ghaheri A., Arabian N., Amirkhanlu F., Moayedi H.. 2020. Applying the ultrasonic vibration during TIG welding as a promising approach for the development of nanoparticle dispersion strengthened aluminum weldments. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 282.11672.##6-H. Dhandha Kamal, Badheka Vishvesh J.. 2015. Effect of activating fluxes on weld bead morphology of P91 steel bead-on-plate welds by flux assisted tungsten inert gas welding process. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 17: 48-57.##7-Zhang Z, He C, Li Y, Yu L, Zhao S, Zhao X. 2019. Effects of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding on flow behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy joints. Journal of Materials Science and Technology 43: 1-13.##8-D. J Ramkumar, V. N. L. Elli, C. Gangineni, Ayush C., N. Arivazhagan, S. Narayanan. 2015. Effect of autogeneous GTA welding with and without flux addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 904L joints. Material Science Engineering A 636: 1-9.##9-Ahmadi, E. and Ebrahimi, A.R. 2014. Welding of 316L austenitic stainless steel with activated tungsten inert gas process. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 24: 1065-1071.##10-Ahmadi, E. and Ebrahimi, A.R. 2013. The Effect of Activating Fluxes on 316L Stainless Steel Weld Joint Characteristic in TIG Welding Using the Taguchi Method. Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing 1: 55-62.##11-Ahmadi, E., Ebrahimi, A.R. and Azari Khosroshahi, R. 2013. Welding of 304L Stainless Steel with Activated Tungsten Inert Gas Process. International Journal of ISSI 10: 27-33.##12-Chen Q., Lin S., Yang C., Fan C., Ge H.. 2017. Grain fragmentation in ultrasonic-assisted TIG weld of pure aluminum. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 39: 403-413.##13-Berthier A., Paillard P., Carin M., Valensi F., Pellerin S. 2012. TIG and A-TIG welding experimental investigations and comparison to simulation Part 1: Identification of Marangoni effect. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 17(8): 609-615.##14-Dey H. C., Albert S. K., Bhaduri A. K., Kamachi Mudali U.. 2013. Activated flux TIG welding of titanium. Weld World 94(12): 84-89.##15-Arivazhagan B., Vasudevan M.. 2015. Studies on A-TIG welding of 2.25Cr-1Mo (P22) steel. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 18(3): 55-59.##16-Xu Chuan, Yuan Xinjian. 2022. The study of microstructure corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of ultrasonic assisted welding-brazing of Ti-Mg. Journal of materials research and technology 17(3): 467-477.##17-https://www.usnano.com/inc/sdetail/408.##18-Heiple C.R., Roper J.R.. 1982. Mechanism for minor element effect on GTA fusion zone geometry. Weld Journal 61: 97-102.##19-Dong W., Lu S., Li D., Li Y. G.. 2011. GTAW liquid pool convections and the weld shape variations under helium gas shielding. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54: 1420-1431.##20-Knee B.J.. 1993. Review of data for the surface tension of pure metals. International Materials Reviewes 38: 157-192.##21-Cui Y., Xu C.L. Han Q.. 2006. Effect of ultrasonic vibration on unmixed zone formation. Scripta Materialia 55: 975–978.##22-Khosro Aghayani M., Niroumand B.. 2011. Effects of ultrasonic treatment on microstructure and tensile strength of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509: 114–122.##1-Taheri Moghaddam N., Rabiezadeh A., Khosravifard A., Ghalandari L.. 2023. Microstructure and mechanical properties assessment of dissimilar AA5083/AA6061 joint welded by GTAW. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran 8(2): 23-35 (in Farsi).##2-Golestanehzadeh S., Mousavi Anijdan S.H., Najafi Dezdeh Monfared H.R.. 2022. Effect of oxide flux powders of SiO2, MoO3 and CuO on the diffusion depth, microstructure and microhardness of GTAWed precipitation hardening martensitic 17-4PH steel. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran. 8(1): 83-92 (in Farsi).##3-Kamlesh Kumara, Sushanta Chandra Deheria, Manoj Masanta. 2019. Effect of Activated Flux on TIG Welding of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel. Materials Today: Proceedings. 18: 4792–4798.##4-Qihao Chen, Hongliang Ge, Chunli Yang, Sanbao Lin and Chenglei Fan. 2017. Study on Pores in Ultrasonic-Assisted TIG Weld of Aluminum Alloy, Metals 53, doi:10.3390/met7020053.##5-Fattahi M., Ghaheri A., Arabian N., Amirkhanlu F., Moayedi H.. 2020. Applying the ultrasonic vibration during TIG welding as a promising approach for the development of nanoparticle dispersion strengthened aluminum weldments. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 282.11672.##6-H. Dhandha Kamal, Badheka Vishvesh J.. 2015. Effect of activating fluxes on weld bead morphology of P91 steel bead-on-plate welds by flux assisted tungsten inert gas welding process. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 17: 48-57.##7-Zhang Z, He C, Li Y, Yu L, Zhao S, Zhao X. 2019. Effects of ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding on flow behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of 7N01-T4 aluminum alloy joints. Journal of Materials Science and Technology 43: 1-13.##8-D. J Ramkumar, V. N. L. Elli, C. Gangineni, Ayush C., N. Arivazhagan, S. Narayanan. 2015. Effect of autogeneous GTA welding with and without flux addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 904L joints. Material Science Engineering A 636: 1-9.##9-Ahmadi, E. and Ebrahimi, A.R. 2014. Welding of 316L austenitic stainless steel with activated tungsten inert gas process. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 24: 1065-1071.##10-Ahmadi, E. and Ebrahimi, A.R. 2013. The Effect of Activating Fluxes on 316L Stainless Steel Weld Joint Characteristic in TIG Welding Using the Taguchi Method. Journal of Advanced Materials and Processing 1: 55-62.##11-Ahmadi, E., Ebrahimi, A.R. and Azari Khosroshahi, R. 2013. Welding of 304L Stainless Steel with Activated Tungsten Inert Gas Process. International Journal of ISSI 10: 27-33.##12-Chen Q., Lin S., Yang C., Fan C., Ge H.. 2017. Grain fragmentation in ultrasonic-assisted TIG weld of pure aluminum. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 39: 403-413.##13-Berthier A., Paillard P., Carin M., Valensi F., Pellerin S. 2012. TIG and A-TIG welding experimental investigations and comparison to simulation Part 1: Identification of Marangoni effect. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 17(8): 609-615.##14-Dey H. C., Albert S. K., Bhaduri A. K., Kamachi Mudali U.. 2013. Activated flux TIG welding of titanium. Weld World 94(12): 84-89.##15-Arivazhagan B., Vasudevan M.. 2015. Studies on A-TIG welding of 2.25Cr-1Mo (P22) steel. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 18(3): 55-59.##16-Xu Chuan, Yuan Xinjian. 2022. The study of microstructure corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of ultrasonic assisted welding-brazing of Ti-Mg. Journal of materials research and technology 17(3): 467-477.##17-https://www.usnano.com/inc/sdetail/408.##18-Heiple C.R., Roper J.R.. 1982. Mechanism for minor element effect on GTA fusion zone geometry. Weld Journal 61: 97-102.##19-Dong W., Lu S., Li D., Li Y. G.. 2011. GTAW liquid pool convections and the weld shape variations under helium gas shielding. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54: 1420-1431.##20-Knee B.J.. 1993. Review of data for the surface tension of pure metals. International Materials Reviewes 38: 157-192.##21-Cui Y., Xu C.L. Han Q.. 2006. Effect of ultrasonic vibration on unmixed zone formation. Scripta Materialia 55: 975–978.##22-Khosro Aghayani M., Niroumand B.. 2011. Effects of ultrasonic treatment on microstructure and tensile strength of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509: 114–122. ##