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جوشکاری پرتو الکترونی آلیاژ Ti-6Al-4V به فولاد زنگ‌نزن PH4-17 با استفاده از لایه میانی مس Electron beam welding of 17-4PH steel and Ti6Al4V alloy with copper interlayer 1 1 هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر پارامترهای جوشکاری پرتو الکترونی بر ریزساختار و خواص  مکانیکی اتصال غیرهمجنس فولاد زنگ‌نزن PH4-17 و آلیاژ Ti-6Al-4V می‌باشد. برای این منظور، جوشکاری این دو آلیاژ با لایه میانی مس با ضخامت 1 میلی‌متر انجام شد. دو سرعت جوشکاری مختلف 0/7 و 0/9 متر بر دقیقه با چهار میزان انحراف پرتو (0، 0/2، 0/4 و 0/6 میلی‌متر) از مرکز لایه میانی به سمت فولاد برای انجام آزمایش‌ها استفاده شد. نتایج نشان ‌می‌د‌هد که با استفاده از لایه میانی مس با ضخامت1 میلی‌متر، ترک‌های ناشی از تشکیل ترکیبات بین‌فلزی از حوضچه جوش حذف می‌شوند. در فصل مشترک بین تیتانیوم و حوضچه جوش در انحراف پرتوهای 0 و 0/2 میلی‌متر، محلول جامد مس و ترکیبات بین‌فلزی TiCu2 و در انحراف پرتوهای 0/4 و 0/6 میلی‌متر، محلول جامد مس و ترکیبات بین‌فلزی TiCu تشکیل می‌شود. در ناحیه حوضچه جوش در انحراف پرتوهای 0 و 0/2 میلی‌متر، ترکیبات بین‌فلزی TiCr2+TiFe2 و در انحراف 0/4 و 0/6 میلی‌متر، محلول جامد آهن (Fe-α)، محلول جامد مس و ترکیبات بین‌فلزی TiCu تشکیل می‌شوند. بیشترین میزان سختی در فصل مشترک حوضچه جوش و آلیاژ تیتانیوم و همچنین در سطح مشترک حوضچه جوش و فولاد مشاهده می‌شود که به سبب حضور ترکیبات بین فلزی با سختی بالا در این مناطق می‌باشد. با افزایش سرعت جوشکاری و میزان انحراف پرتو، میزان سختی کاهش می‌یابد که به دلیل کاهش ترکیبات بین فلزی ترد و شکننده در ساختار اتصال می‌باشد. با افزایش میزان انحراف پرتو از 0/4 میلی‌متر به 0/6 میلی‌متر در سرعت 0/7 متر بر دقیقه، استحکام برشی اتصال از 180 مگاپاسکال به 210 مگاپاسکال و در سرعت 0/9 متر بر دقیقه، استحکام برشی اتصال از 230 مگاپاسکال به 250 مگاپاسکال افزایش می‌یابد. نمونه جوشکاری شده با سرعت جوشکاری 0/9 متر بردقیقه و میزان انحراف پرتو 0/6 میلی‌متر دارای بیشترین استحکام برشی معادل 250 مگاپاسکال می‌باشد. شکست در تمامی نمونه‌ها در فصل مشترک بین حوضچه جوش و آلیاژ تیتانیوم  اتفاق می‌افتاد که نشان می‌دهد ضعیف‌ترین ناحیه در اتصال، این فصل مشترک می‌باشد. 2 This study aimed to investigate the effect of electron beam welding parameters on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the dissimilar joint between 17-4PH stainless steel and Ti6Al4V alloy. For this purpose, the welding of these two alloys was performed with an copper interlayer with a thickness of 1 mm. Two different welding speeds of 0.7 and 0.9 m/min with four levels of beam offset  (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mm) from the center of the interlayer towards the steel were used to accomplish the experiments. The results show that by using the copper interlayer with thickness of 1 mm, the cracks caused by the formation of intermetallic compounds are removed from the weld pool. At the interface between the titanium and the weld pool, at the beam offset  of 0 and 0.2 mm, a solid solution of copper and TiCu2 intermetallic compounds is formed, while at the beam offset  of 0.4 and 0.6 mm, a solid solution of copper and TiCu intermetallic compounds is formed. The weld pool, at the beam offset  of 0 and 0.2 mm, consists of TiCr2+TiFe2 intermetallic compounds while at the beam offset  of 0.4 and 0.6 mm, solid solution of iron (α-Fe), solid solution of copper and TiCu intermetallic compounds are formed. The highest value of hardness is observed at the interface between the weld pool and the titanium alloy, as well as at the interface between the weld pool and the steel, which is due to the presence of intermetallic compounds with high hardness in these regions. By increasing the welding speed and the beam offset, the hardness value decreases, which is due to the reduction of brittle intermetallic compounds in the joint structure. By increasing the beam offset from 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm at the speed of 0.7 m/min, the shear strength increases from 180 MPa to 210 MPa and at the speed of 0.9 m/min, the shear strength raises from 230 MPa to 250 MPa. The welded sample with the welding speed of 0.9 m/min and the beam offset of 0.6 mm has the highest shear strength equal to 250 MPa. The failure in all samples happened at the interface between the weld pool and the titanium alloy, which shows that the weakest region in the joint is this interface. 1 15 2023/02/13 1401/11/24 2023/05/31 1402/3/10 علی مهدوی شاکر A. Mahdavi Shaker دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت، تهران. ایران Mahdavishaker@gmail.com حسین مومنی H. Momeni دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت، تهران. ایران H_momeni@mut.ac.ir علی خرّم A. Khorram دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت، تهران. ایران a_Khorram@mut.ac.ir علیرضا یزدی پور A. Yazdipour دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت، تهران. ایران a_yazdipour@yahoo.com Electon Beam Welding Ti6Al4V alloy 17-4PH Steel Cu interlayer Microstructure Mechanical properties. جوشکاری پرتو الکترونی آلیاژTi-6Al-4V فولاد زنگ‌نزن PH4-17 لایه میانی مس ریزساختار خواص مکانیکی. 1- AWS Technical Activities Committee, "Recommended practices for electron beam welding and allied processes", 4rd edn, American welding society, Miami, 2013. ##2- Carreon, H., Carreon, M., Duenas, A., "Assessment of precipitates of aged Ti-6Al-4V alloy by ultrasonic attenuation". Philos Mag, vol.97, pp.58-68, 2017.##3- Lippold, J.C., Kotecki, D.J., "Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steel" , John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2005.##4- Jenney, C..L., Brien, A.O., "Welding Handbook: Electron Beam Welding", 8rd edn, American welding society, Miami, 1991.##5- Powers, D.E., "Electron Beam Welding-An Overview", Proc. Int. Power. Beam. Conf., San Diego, vol.2, pp. 114-128, 1988.##6- Ting, W., Zhang, B., Feng, J., "Influences of different filler metals on electron beam welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel". Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. vol.24, pp.108-114, 2014.##7- Adomako, N.k., Kim, J.O., Lee, S.H., Noh, K.H.,Kim, J.H., "Dissimilar welding between Ti-6Al-4V and 17-4 PH stainless steel using a vanadium interlayer". Mater Sci Eng A. vol.372, pp. 378-379, 2018.##8- Ting, W., Binggang, Z., Jicai, F., Qi, T., "Effect of copper filler metal on the microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded titanium-stainless steel joint". Mater Charact. vol.73, pp.104-113. 2012,##9- Ting, W., Zhang, B., Feng, J., Tang, Q., "Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet". Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. vol.20, pp.829-1834, 2011.##10- Wang, T., Zhang, B., Chen, G., Feng, J., "High strength electron beam welded titaniumestainless steel joint with V/Cu based composite filler metals". Vacuum. vol.94, pp.41-47, 2013.##11- Tomashchuk, I., Sallamand, P., Belyavina, N., Pilloz, M., "Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties during dissimilar electron beam welding of titanium-stainless steel via copper interlayer. Mater Sci Eng A. vol.285, pp.114-122, 2013.##12- Tomashchuk, I., Sallamand, P., Belyavina, N., Pilloz, M., "Evolution of microstructures and mechanical properties during dissimilar electron beam welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel via copper interlayer". Mater Sci Eng A. vol.585, pp.114–122, 2013.##13- مهدوی شاکر ع.، مومنی ح.، خرم ع. و یزدی پور ع.،" تاثیر پارامترهای جوشکاری پرتو الکترونی بر ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال غیر همجنس آلیاژ Ti-6Al-4V به فولاد زنگ‌نزن 17-4PH"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، دوره ۸، شماره ۲، 113-125، پاییز و زمستان 1401.##14- American Welding Society, Welding Handbook )Vol. 2(:Welding Processes, 8rd. ed., p. 699, AWS, Miami, 1991.##15- Kundu, S. "Interface microstructure and strength properties of Ti64 and microduplex stainless steel diffusion bonded joints". Mater Des. vol.32, pp. 2997-3003, 2011.##16- Murray, J.L., "The Cu–Ti(copper–titanium) system". J Phase Equilib. vol.4, pp. 81-95, 1983.##17- Chen, Q., Jin, Z.P., "The Fe–Cu system: a thermodynamic evaluation". Metall Mater Trans A. vol.26: 417-426, 1995.##18- Beek, J.A., Kodentsov, A.A., Loo, F.J.J., "Phase equilibria in the Cu–Fe–Ti system at 1123 K". J Alloys Compd. vol.217, pp. 97–103, 1995.##1- AWS Technical Activities Committee, "Recommended practices for electron beam welding and allied processes", 4rd edn, American welding society, Miami, 2013. ##2- Carreon, H., Carreon, M., Duenas, A., "Assessment of precipitates of aged Ti-6Al-4V alloy by ultrasonic attenuation". Philos Mag, vol.97, pp.58-68, 2017.##3- Lippold, J.C., Kotecki, D.J., "Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steel" , John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2005.##4- Jenney, C..L., Brien, A.O., "Welding Handbook: Electron Beam Welding", 8rd edn, American welding society, Miami, 1991.##5- Powers, D.E., "Electron Beam Welding-An Overview", Proc. Int. Power. Beam. Conf., San Diego, vol.2, pp. 114-128, 1988.##6- Ting, W., Zhang, B., Feng, J., "Influences of different filler metals on electron beam welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel". Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. vol.24, pp.108-114, 2014.##7- Adomako, N.k., Kim, J.O., Lee, S.H., Noh, K.H.,Kim, J.H., "Dissimilar welding between Ti-6Al-4V and 17-4 PH stainless steel using a vanadium interlayer". Mater Sci Eng A. vol.372, pp. 378-379, 2018.##8- Ting, W., Binggang, Z., Jicai, F., Qi, T., "Effect of copper filler metal on the microstructure and mechanical properties of electron beam welded titanium-stainless steel joint". Mater Charact. vol.73, pp.104-113. 2012,##9- Ting, W., Zhang, B., Feng, J., Tang, Q., "Electron beam welding of Ti-15-3 titanium alloy to 304 stainless steel with copper interlayer sheet". Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China. vol.20, pp.829-1834, 2011.##10- Wang, T., Zhang, B., Chen, G., Feng, J., "High strength electron beam welded titaniumestainless steel joint with V/Cu based composite filler metals". Vacuum. vol.94, pp.41-47, 2013.##11- Tomashchuk, I., Sallamand, P., Belyavina, N., Pilloz, M., "Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties during dissimilar electron beam welding of titanium-stainless steel via copper interlayer. Mater Sci Eng A. vol.285, pp.114-122, 2013.##12- Tomashchuk, I., Sallamand, P., Belyavina, N., Pilloz, M., "Evolution of microstructures and mechanical properties during dissimilar electron beam welding of titanium alloy to stainless steel via copper interlayer". Mater Sci Eng A. vol.585, pp.114–122, 2013.##13- مهدوی شاکر ع.، مومنی ح.، خرم ع. و یزدی پور ع.،" تاثیر پارامترهای جوشکاری پرتو الکترونی بر ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال غیر همجنس آلیاژ Ti-6Al-4V به فولاد زنگ‌نزن 17-4PH"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، دوره ۸، شماره ۲، 113-125، پاییز و زمستان 1401.##14- American Welding Society, Welding Handbook )Vol. 2(:Welding Processes, 8rd. ed., p. 699, AWS, Miami, 1991.##15- Kundu, S. "Interface microstructure and strength properties of Ti64 and microduplex stainless steel diffusion bonded joints". Mater Des. vol.32, pp. 2997-3003, 2011.##16- Murray, J.L., "The Cu–Ti(copper–titanium) system". J Phase Equilib. vol.4, pp. 81-95, 1983.##17- Chen, Q., Jin, Z.P., "The Fe–Cu system: a thermodynamic evaluation". Metall Mater Trans A. vol.26: 417-426, 1995.##18- Beek, J.A., Kodentsov, A.A., Loo, F.J.J., "Phase equilibria in the Cu–Fe–Ti system at 1123 K". J Alloys Compd. vol.217, pp. 97–103, 1995. ##

بهینه‌سازی چند منظوره پارامترهای سینماتیکی ابزار در جوشکاری اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی آلیاژ 7075-Al و 6061-Al با RSM Multi-objective optimization of kinematic tool parameters in FSW of Al-7075 and Al-6061 alloys by RSM 1 1 بهینه‌سازی پارامترهای جوشکاری اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی همچون سرعت خطی و دورانی ابزار می‌تواند در تغییر خواص جوش موثر واقع گردد. در این تحقیق جوشکاری دو ورق از دو آلیاژ آلومینیوم  7075-Al و 6061-Al، به همدیگر بر اساس روابط تئوری و شبیه‌سازی عددی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. شبیه‌سازی خصوصیات تماس قطعه‌کار با ابزار با استفاده از الگوریتم‌های تماسی موجود در نرم افزار Ansys انجام گردید. از مدل المان محدود، سرعت دورانی و خطی ابزار به عنوان متغیرهای طراحی انتخاب و با روش الگوریتم ژنتیک و روش سطح پاسخ، بهینه‌سازی چند هدفه برای کمترین دمای ابزار و تنش پسماند در قطعه با قطرهای مختلف ابزار اجرا گردید. تحلیل پارامتریک از فرایند جوشکاری اصطکاکی–اغتشاشی با پین رزوه‌دار و بدون رزوه نشان می‌دهد که گرمای تولیدی متناسب با سرعت دورانی ابزار بوده و نسبت معکوس با سرعت خطی ابزار دارد. انتخاب ابزاری به قطر 20 میلی‌متر کمترین تنش پسماند در قطعه‌ را نتیجه می‌دهد. همچنین با افزایش سرعت حرکت طولی یا خطی ابزار، منحنی‌های دمایی فشرده‌تر  شده واثر رزوه در ابزار بر روی حرارت تولیدی در حالات با حرارت ورودی کمتر، بیشتر نمایان می‌شود. 2 Optimization of Stir Friction Welding parameters such as linear and rotational speed of the tool can be effective to a large extent in improving welding properties. In this research, welding of two sheets of Aluminum of Al-7075 and Al-6061 were validated based on theoretical relations and numerical simulation. The simulation of the contact characteristics of the workpieces with the tool was done using the contact algorithms available in the Ansys software. From the FEM, rotational and linear speed and diameter of the tool were selected as design variables, and multi object optimization was carried out with genetic algorithm and RSM to reach the lowest tool temperature and residual stress.The parametric analysis of FSW of the threaded and non-threaded tool pins showed that the generated heat has proportional and inverse relation with rotation and linear speed of tool respectively. Tool with a diameter of 20 mm showed minimum residual stress in the workpiece. By increasing welding speed, the temperature curves become more compact and the effect of thread on heat generation was more evident in all cases at lower heat input. 17 29 2023/02/132023/02/15 1401/11/26 2023/05/312023/05/31 1402/3/10 مجتبی نیازی M. Niazi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز ایران mojtaba.niazi@yahoo.com احمد افسری A. Afsari دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز ایران dr.afsari1@yahoo.com احمد به گزین A. Behgozin دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای ایران behgozin@yahoo.com محمد رضا ناظم السادات M. R. Nazemosadat دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیراز ایران reza_nazemsadat@yahoo.com Friction Stir Welding Multi-Objective Optimization Al-7075 Al-6061 RSM Method Genetic Algorithm Method جوشکاری اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی بهینه سازی چند هدفه Al- 7075 Al- 6061 روش سطح پاسخ روش الگوریتم ژنتیک. 1-Prado, R, Murr L, Soto K, Mc Clure J, Self-“optimization in tool wear for friction-stir welding of Al 6061_/20% Al2O3 MMC." Materials Science and Engineering, pp. 156-165, 2003.##2-Mardalizadeh. M, Yazdi. M, Safarkhanian. M, “Experimental evaluation of the tool rotation speed and feed rate on micro hardness and microstructure in friction stir welding process of aluminum alloy 5456,” Journal of Solid and Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 1-10, 2011.##3-Azizi. H, Zakeri. V, Mostofi. A, Azarafza. R, “Influence of friction stir welding process and tool parameters on strength properties of AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy joints.” Modares Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 12, pp. 56-66, 2014 (In Persian).##4-Mailk V, Sanjeev N, Hebbar H, Satish V, “Investigations on the Effect of Various Tool Pin Profiles in Friction Stir Welding Using Finite Element Simulations.” Procedia Engineering, pp. 1060 – 1068, 2014.##5-Roth A, Hake T, Zaeh M, "An analytical approach of modeling friction stir welding.” Procedia, CIRP, Vol. 18, pp. 197 – 202, 2014.##6- نریمانی, الیاسی, حسین زاده, آقاجانی درازکلا, & حامد.، "تاثیر رزوه پین ابزار برروی جریان مواد و خواص مکانیکی در جوشکاری اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی آلیاژ 6065 آلومینیوم و مس خالص." مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران, دوره 5، شماره 1، ص ص 125-136، 2019##7-Shen J, Shen Y, Xu B, Yao X, Kuang B, Gai J, “Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on friction stir welding of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy.” Materials and Design, pp. 94–101, 2015.##8- سلیمانی حسین، امینی کامران، غروی فرهاد. "اثر موقعیت ابزار بر خواص ساختاری و مکانیکی اتصال لب به لب آلیاژهای غیرهمجنس آلومینیوم 2024 به 7075 جوشکاری شده به روش اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی." مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران, دوره 7، شماره 2، ص ص 47-58، 1400##9- صفری مهدی، مستعان حسین، بختیاری. آرش. "بهینه سازی متغیرهای فرایند جوشکاری اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی با هدف دستیابی به استحکام شکست بیشینه. " مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، دوره 2، شماره 1، ص ص 32-48،‎ 1395##10-Riahi. M, Nazri. H, "Friction Stir Welding, Finite Element Modeling, Thermo-Mechanical Modeling.” Aerospace Mechanics Journal, 2015.##11-Cronjager L, Spur G, Tonshoff H K, Vigneau M, ZdeblickW J. “Machining of new materials.” CIRP, Annals Manufacturing Technology, vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 673–681, 1990.##12- Altaf, F., "On modeling and optimal control of modular batteries.” Thermal and state-of-charge balancing. Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (Sweden). 2016. ##13-Song M., "Thermal modeling of friction stir welding in a moving coordinate system and its validation.” Machine tools & manufacture, vol. 43, pp. 605-615, 2003.##14-Eubnak, P.T., Patel, M.R., Barrufet, M.A., Bozkurt, B. “Theoretical models of the electrical discharge machining Process.” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 73, pp. 7900-7909, 1993.##15- Russell M. J., Shercliff H. R., "Analytical modeling of microstructure development in friction stir welding.” First International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, California, USA, June 1999.##1-Prado, R, Murr L, Soto K, Mc Clure J, Self-“optimization in tool wear for friction-stir welding of Al 6061_/20% Al2O3 MMC." Materials Science and Engineering, pp. 156-165, 2003.##2-Mardalizadeh. M, Yazdi. M, Safarkhanian. M, “Experimental evaluation of the tool rotation speed and feed rate on micro hardness and microstructure in friction stir welding process of aluminum alloy 5456,” Journal of Solid and Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 1-10, 2011.##3-Azizi. H, Zakeri. V, Mostofi. A, Azarafza. R, “Influence of friction stir welding process and tool parameters on strength properties of AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy joints.” Modares Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 12, pp. 56-66, 2014 (In Persian).##4-Mailk V, Sanjeev N, Hebbar H, Satish V, “Investigations on the Effect of Various Tool Pin Profiles in Friction Stir Welding Using Finite Element Simulations.” Procedia Engineering, pp. 1060 – 1068, 2014.##5-Roth A, Hake T, Zaeh M, "An analytical approach of modeling friction stir welding.” Procedia, CIRP, Vol. 18, pp. 197 – 202, 2014.##6- نریمانی, الیاسی, حسین زاده, آقاجانی درازکلا, & حامد.، "تاثیر رزوه پین ابزار برروی جریان مواد و خواص مکانیکی در جوشکاری اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی آلیاژ 6065 آلومینیوم و مس خالص." مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران, دوره 5، شماره 1، ص ص 125-136، 2019##7-Shen J, Shen Y, Xu B, Yao X, Kuang B, Gai J, “Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on friction stir welding of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy.” Materials and Design, pp. 94–101, 2015.##8- سلیمانی حسین، امینی کامران، غروی فرهاد. "اثر موقعیت ابزار بر خواص ساختاری و مکانیکی اتصال لب به لب آلیاژهای غیرهمجنس آلومینیوم 2024 به 7075 جوشکاری شده به روش اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی." مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران, دوره 7، شماره 2، ص ص 47-58، 1400##9- صفری مهدی، مستعان حسین، بختیاری. آرش. "بهینه سازی متغیرهای فرایند جوشکاری اصطکاکی-اغتشاشی با هدف دستیابی به استحکام شکست بیشینه. " مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، دوره 2، شماره 1، ص ص 32-48،‎ 1395##10-Riahi. M, Nazri. H, "Friction Stir Welding, Finite Element Modeling, Thermo-Mechanical Modeling.” Aerospace Mechanics Journal, 2015.##11-Cronjager L, Spur G, Tonshoff H K, Vigneau M, ZdeblickW J. “Machining of new materials.” CIRP, Annals Manufacturing Technology, vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 673–681, 1990.##12- Altaf, F., "On modeling and optimal control of modular batteries.” Thermal and state-of-charge balancing. Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (Sweden). 2016. ##13-Song M., "Thermal modeling of friction stir welding in a moving coordinate system and its validation.” Machine tools & manufacture, vol. 43, pp. 605-615, 2003.##14-Eubnak, P.T., Patel, M.R., Barrufet, M.A., Bozkurt, B. “Theoretical models of the electrical discharge machining Process.” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 73, pp. 7900-7909, 1993.##15- Russell M. J., Shercliff H. R., "Analytical modeling of microstructure development in friction stir welding.” First International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, California, USA, June 1999. ##

بررسی ریزساختار، سختی و ترکیبات بین‌فلزی جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی 1050 Al و مس Investigation of microstructure, hardness and intermetallic compound in friction stir welding of AA1050 aluminum alloy to copper 1 1 در این پژوهش انجام جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی آلومینیوم 1050 به مس با سرعت متغیر مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی از سرعت‌های دورانی 900 و 1200 دور در دقیقه و سرعت پیشروی 36، 63 و 125 میلی‌متر در دقیقه استفاده شد. جهت بررسی فازها و ریزساختار از آنالیزهای میکروسکوپ الکترون روبشی و آزمون طیف‌سنجی اشعه ایکس و سختی سنجی استفاده شد. منطقه اغتشاش شامل فازهای Al2Cu3, Al4Cu9, AlCu4, Al2Cu و AlCu بود. نتایج نشان داد که تشکیل فازهای بین فلزی و تغییر شکل شدید پلاستیک در ناحیه جوش باعث افزایش سختی شده است. بالاترین مقدار سختی در ناحیه هم زده 8/97 ویکرز در سرعت چرخش 900 دور در دقیقه و سرعت پیشروی 36 میلی‌متر در دقیقه حاصل شد. 2 In this research, friction stir welding of aluminum 1050 to copper with variable speed was investigated. For friction stir welding, rotational speeds of 900 and 1200 rpm and traverse speeds of 36, 63, and 125 mm/min were used. In order to check the phases and microstructure, scanning electron microscope analysis, X-ray spectrometry, and hardness testing were used. The disturbance zone included Al2Cu3, Al4Cu9, AlCu4, Al2Cu, and AlCu phases. The results showed that the formation of intermetallic phases and severe plastic deformation in the welding area caused an increase in hardness. The highest hardness value in the stirred area was 97.8 Vickers at a rotation speed of 900 rpm and an advance speed of 36 mm/min. 31 38 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/28 1401/12/9 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/31 1402/3/10 میثم احمدی M. Ahmadi گروه مهندسی مکانیک، واحد کرمانشاه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه. ایران twi1360@yahoo.com حمید رضا احمدی H.R. Ahmadi مهندسی مواد، واحد ساوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساوه. ایران Iwe1360@yahoo.com محمد رضا خانزاده M.R. Khanzadeh دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد مبارکه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مبارکه، اصفهان. ایران khanzade@gmail.com حمید بختیاری H. Bakhtiari پژوهشگاه مواد و انرژی، پژوهشکده سرامیک، کرج. ایران H.bakhtiari@merc.ac.ir Friction stir welding aluminum 1050 copper mechanical properties. جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی آلومینیوم 1050 مس خواص مکانیکی 1-Xie, G.M., Ma, Z.Y., and Geng, L., “Development of a Fine-Grained Microstructure and the Properties of a Nugget Zone in Friction Stir Welded Pure Copper”, Scripta Materialia, Vol. 57, Issue 2, pp. 73-76, 2007.##2-Senthil, S. M., Bhuvanesh Kumar, M., Selvam Dennison, M., “A Contemporary Review on Friction Stir Welding of Circular Pipe Joints and the Influence of Fixtures on This Process”, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 2022, pp. 1-25, 2022.##3-صفربالی، ب.، شمعانیان، م. و اسلامی، ع.، " تاثیر عملیات حرارتی پیرسازی بر خواص اتصال غیرمشابه آلیاژهای آلومینیومAA ۲۰۲۴ به AA ۷۰۷۵ جوشکاری شده به روش اصطکاکی اغتشاشی"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، جلد 5، شماره 1، 11-1، 1398. ##4-Nikola, S., Vukcevic, M., “Numerical Simulation for FSW Process at Welding Aluminium Alloy AA6082-T6”, Metals, Vol. 9, pp. 747-759, 2019.##5-Cai, B., Zheng, Z.Q., He, D.Q., Li, S.C., and Li, H.P., “Friction Stir Weld of 2060 Al–Cu–Li Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 649, pp. 19–27, 2015.##6-Tucci, F., Carlone, P., Silvestri, A.T., “Dissimilar Friction Stir Lap Welding of AA2198- AA6082: Process Analysis and Joint Characterization”, The CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vol. 35, pp. 753-764, 2021.##7-Barbini, A., Carstensen, J., and dos Santos, J., “Influence of Alloys Position, Rolling and Welding Directions on Properties of AA2024/AA7050 Dissimilar Butt Weld Obtained by Friction Stir Welding”, Metals, Vol. 8, pp. 202-214, 2018.##8-Thilagham, K.T., Muthukumaran, S., “Process parameter optimization and characterization of friction stir welded advancing side AA6082-T6 with retreating side AA7075- T651”, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol 27, pp. 2260-2264, 2020.##9-سلیمانی، ح.، امینی، ک. و غروی، ف.، "اثر موقعیت ابزار بر خواص ساختاری و مکانیکی اتصال لب به لب آلیاژهای غیرهمجنس آلومینیوم ۲۰۲۴ به ۷۰۷۵ جوشکاری شده به روش اصطکاکی اغتشاشی"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، جلد 7، شماره 2، 58-47، 1400.##10-Mishra, R.S., and Ma, Z.Y., “Influence of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Sliding Wear Behavior of AA6061/0-10 wt.% ZrB2 in-situ Composite Butt Joints”, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 50, pp. 1-78, 2005.##11- Schmidt, H.N. B., Dickerson, T.L., and Hattel, J.H., “Influence of Microstructure and Experimental Parameters on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Al-TiC Surface Composite by FSP Route”, Acta Materialia, Vol. 54, pp. 1199, 2006.##12-Bisadi, H., Tavakoli, A., and Tour Sangsaraki M., “The Influences Of Rotational And Welding Speeds On Microstructures And Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir Welded Al5083 And Commercially Pure Copper Sheets Lap Joints”, Materials And Design, Vol. 43, pp. 80-88, 2013.##13-Akbari1, R., and Abdi Behnagh A., “Effect of Materials Position on Friction Stir Lap Welding of Cu/ Al”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 17, pp. 581-588, 2012.##14-Hosseini, E., and Kazeminezhad, M., “RETRACTED: Nanostructure and Mechanical Properties of 0–7 Strained Aluminum by CGP: XRD, TEM and Tensile Test”, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 526, pp. 219-224, 2009.##15- Peel, M., Steuwer, A., Preuss, M., and Withers, PJ., “Microstructure Mechanical Properties and Residual Stresses as a Function of Welding Speed in Aluminum AA5083 Friction Stir Welds”, Acta Materialia, Vol. 51, pp. 4791–801, 2003.##16-قربانی امیر، ی.، ذوالریاستین، ا. و ترابیان، ح.، "تاثیر متغیرهای فرایند جوش اصطکاکی چرخشی بر خواص مکانیکی و فیزیکی اتصال لوله آلومینیوم به مس"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، جلد 6، شماره 2، 39-29، 1399.##17- F. Jafari, M. Khanzadeh Gharah Shiran, Z. Bakhtiari, M. Akbari, Y. shajari, Z. S. Seyedraoufi, H. bakhtiyari “Electrochemical and Microstructural Investigation of AA6063 Friction Stir Welded Joint”, Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 56, No.1, pp. 13-21, 2020.##18-Mehri, M., KhanzadehGharahshiran, M.R., Bakhtiari, H., “Study of the Effect of Instrument Pin Geometry on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of the Welding Region in the Process of Friction Stir Butt Welding of AlMg6”, Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 6, No 9, pp. 25-36, 2020.##19- Hao, D.D., Okazaki, M., and Tra, T.H., “Fatigue Behavior of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded T-Lap Joints Between AA5083 and AA7075”, The International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 145, pp. 1-10, 2021.##20- Morisada, Y., Fujji, H., Nagaoka, and Fukusumi, T., “Effect of Friction Stir Processing with SiC Particles on Microstructure and Hardness of AZ31, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 433, pp. 50-54. 2006.##1-Xie, G.M., Ma, Z.Y., and Geng, L., “Development of a Fine-Grained Microstructure and the Properties of a Nugget Zone in Friction Stir Welded Pure Copper”, Scripta Materialia, Vol. 57, Issue 2, pp. 73-76, 2007.##2-Senthil, S. M., Bhuvanesh Kumar, M., Selvam Dennison, M., “A Contemporary Review on Friction Stir Welding of Circular Pipe Joints and the Influence of Fixtures on This Process”, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 2022, pp. 1-25, 2022.##3-صفربالی، ب.، شمعانیان، م. و اسلامی، ع.، " تاثیر عملیات حرارتی پیرسازی بر خواص اتصال غیرمشابه آلیاژهای آلومینیومAA ۲۰۲۴ به AA ۷۰۷۵ جوشکاری شده به روش اصطکاکی اغتشاشی"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، جلد 5، شماره 1، 11-1، 1398. ##4-Nikola, S., Vukcevic, M., “Numerical Simulation for FSW Process at Welding Aluminium Alloy AA6082-T6”, Metals, Vol. 9, pp. 747-759, 2019.##5-Cai, B., Zheng, Z.Q., He, D.Q., Li, S.C., and Li, H.P., “Friction Stir Weld of 2060 Al–Cu–Li Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 649, pp. 19–27, 2015.##6-Tucci, F., Carlone, P., Silvestri, A.T., “Dissimilar Friction Stir Lap Welding of AA2198- AA6082: Process Analysis and Joint Characterization”, The CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, Vol. 35, pp. 753-764, 2021.##7-Barbini, A., Carstensen, J., and dos Santos, J., “Influence of Alloys Position, Rolling and Welding Directions on Properties of AA2024/AA7050 Dissimilar Butt Weld Obtained by Friction Stir Welding”, Metals, Vol. 8, pp. 202-214, 2018.##8-Thilagham, K.T., Muthukumaran, S., “Process parameter optimization and characterization of friction stir welded advancing side AA6082-T6 with retreating side AA7075- T651”, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol 27, pp. 2260-2264, 2020.##9-سلیمانی، ح.، امینی، ک. و غروی، ف.، "اثر موقعیت ابزار بر خواص ساختاری و مکانیکی اتصال لب به لب آلیاژهای غیرهمجنس آلومینیوم ۲۰۲۴ به ۷۰۷۵ جوشکاری شده به روش اصطکاکی اغتشاشی"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، جلد 7، شماره 2، 58-47، 1400.##10-Mishra, R.S., and Ma, Z.Y., “Influence of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Sliding Wear Behavior of AA6061/0-10 wt.% ZrB2 in-situ Composite Butt Joints”, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 50, pp. 1-78, 2005.##11- Schmidt, H.N. B., Dickerson, T.L., and Hattel, J.H., “Influence of Microstructure and Experimental Parameters on Mechanical and Wear Properties of Al-TiC Surface Composite by FSP Route”, Acta Materialia, Vol. 54, pp. 1199, 2006.##12-Bisadi, H., Tavakoli, A., and Tour Sangsaraki M., “The Influences Of Rotational And Welding Speeds On Microstructures And Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir Welded Al5083 And Commercially Pure Copper Sheets Lap Joints”, Materials And Design, Vol. 43, pp. 80-88, 2013.##13-Akbari1, R., and Abdi Behnagh A., “Effect of Materials Position on Friction Stir Lap Welding of Cu/ Al”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 17, pp. 581-588, 2012.##14-Hosseini, E., and Kazeminezhad, M., “RETRACTED: Nanostructure and Mechanical Properties of 0–7 Strained Aluminum by CGP: XRD, TEM and Tensile Test”, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 526, pp. 219-224, 2009.##15- Peel, M., Steuwer, A., Preuss, M., and Withers, PJ., “Microstructure Mechanical Properties and Residual Stresses as a Function of Welding Speed in Aluminum AA5083 Friction Stir Welds”, Acta Materialia, Vol. 51, pp. 4791–801, 2003.##16-قربانی امیر، ی.، ذوالریاستین، ا. و ترابیان، ح.، "تاثیر متغیرهای فرایند جوش اصطکاکی چرخشی بر خواص مکانیکی و فیزیکی اتصال لوله آلومینیوم به مس"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، جلد 6، شماره 2، 39-29، 1399.##17- F. Jafari, M. Khanzadeh Gharah Shiran, Z. Bakhtiari, M. Akbari, Y. shajari, Z. S. Seyedraoufi, H. bakhtiyari “Electrochemical and Microstructural Investigation of AA6063 Friction Stir Welded Joint”, Surface Engineering and Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 56, No.1, pp. 13-21, 2020.##18-Mehri, M., KhanzadehGharahshiran, M.R., Bakhtiari, H., “Study of the Effect of Instrument Pin Geometry on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of the Welding Region in the Process of Friction Stir Butt Welding of AlMg6”, Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 6, No 9, pp. 25-36, 2020.##19- Hao, D.D., Okazaki, M., and Tra, T.H., “Fatigue Behavior of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded T-Lap Joints Between AA5083 and AA7075”, The International Journal of Fatigue, Vol. 145, pp. 1-10, 2021.##20- Morisada, Y., Fujji, H., Nagaoka, and Fukusumi, T., “Effect of Friction Stir Processing with SiC Particles on Microstructure and Hardness of AZ31, Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 433, pp. 50-54. 2006. ##

کنترل ریزساختار و ترک‌های انجمادی در فرایند ساخت افزایشی ذوب لیزری بستر پودر آلیاژهای آلومینیوم استحکام‌بالا Control of microstructure and solidification cracks in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing of high-strength aluminum alloys 1 1 فنّاوری‌های ساخت افزایشی فلزات به عنوان یکی از ارکان مهم انقلاب صنعتی چهارم، رویکردی تحول‌آفرین در ساخت دیجیتال ارائه می‌کنند. ذوب لیزری بستر پودر به عنوان یکی از این فناوری‌ها، توانایی شگرفی در تولید قطعات با هندسه‌های پیچیده و با عملکرد بالا دارد. در سال‌های اخیر، ساخت قطعات آلیاژهای آلومینیوم با استفاده از این فناوری بسیار مورد توجه بوده، لیکن تحقق آن با چالش‌هایی همراه است. ترک انجمادی به عنوان یکی از جدی‌ترین دلایل ناکامی ساخت افزایشی لیزری آلیاژهای آلومینیوم به ویژه انواع استحکام ‌بالا شناخته می‌شود. در پژوهش حاضر، سازوکار تشکیل ترک‌های انجمادی، دلایل تشکیل و عوامل مؤثر بر آن‌ها مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و از میان راه حل‌های ارائه‌شده، واپایش ریزساختار انجمادی و ریزدانه‌کردن، مؤثرترین روش برای حذف ترک‌های انجمادی آلیاژهای آلومینیوم استحکام بالا در فرایند ذوب لیزری بستر پودر مطرح می‌شود. در همین راستا، یکی از راهکارهای ریزدانه‌سازی و متعاقباً کاهش ترک‌های انجمادی، افزودن مقدار ناچیز (کمتر از %۱ وزنی) از ذرات جوانه‌زا به پودر آلیاژی اولیه است. این ذرات با محدودکردن رشد دانه یا مهاجرت مرزدانه و همراه شدن عواملی که به تحت تبرید ترکیبی کمک می‌کنند، می‌توانند در کاهش ترک‌های انجمادی مؤثر باشند. در نهایت، تأثیر افزودنی‌های مختلف در ریزدانه‌سازی و سازوکار آن‌ها در کاهش ترک‌های انجمادی آلیاژهای آلومینیوم استحکام‌بالا حین فرایند ذوب لیزری بستر پودر ارائه می‌شود. 2 As one of the important pillars of the fourth industrial revolution, metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies provide a disruptive approach to digital manufacturing. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), as one of these technologies, has great potential in producing geometrically complex and high-performance parts. In recent years, the manufacturing of aluminum alloy parts using this technology has attracted much attention. However, their manufacturing still faces some challenging issues. One of the most serious issues encountered in the manufacturing of aluminum alloys, especially high-strength grades, is solidification cracking. In the present investigation, the formation mechanisms of solidification cracking, and the associated effective factors were reviewed. Controlling the solidification microstructure and grain refinement, using the addition of small quantities (<1 wt.%) of micro- or nano-sized particles to the initial alloying powder, was suggested as the most effective method for reducing solidification cracking. These particles act as nucleation sites, prevent grain growth, pin grain boundaries, and with the help of factors that provide constitutional supercooling can effectively minimize solidification cracking. Eventually, effects of various additives in grain refinement and their associated mechanism in reduction of solidification cracks of high-strength aluminum alloys by LPBF is presented. 39 57 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/11 1401/12/20 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/26 1402/1/6 آریا گندم دوست A. Gandomdoust دانشکده مهندسی متالورژی و مواد، دانشکده فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران arya.gandomdoust@ut.ac.ir محمود سرکاری خرّمی M. Sarkari Khorrami دانشکده مهندسی متالورژی و مواد، دانشکده فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران m.khorrami@ut.ac.ir سیّد فرشید کاشانی بزرگ S. F. Kashani-Bozorg دانشکده مهندسی متالورژی و مواد، دانشکده فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران fkashani@ut.ac.ir حسن قربانی H. Ghorbani دانشکده مهندسی متالورژی و مواد، دانشکده فنی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. ایران hassan.ghorbani.metal@gmail.com Additive Manufacturing Laser Powder Bed Fusion Aluminum Solidification Cracks Grain Refinement. ساخت افزایشی ذوب لیزری بستر پودر آلومینیوم ترک انجمادی ریزدانه‌سازی. 1- E. Toyserkani, D. Sarker, O. O. Ibhadode, F. Liravi, P. Russo, and K. Taherkhani, “Basics of Metal Additive Manufacturing,” in Metal Additive Manufacturing, Wiley, 2021, pp. 31–90.doi: 10.1002/9781119210801.ch2.##2- T. M. Wischeropp, “Fundamentals,” in Advancement of Selective Laser Melting by Laser Beam Shaping, T. M. Wischeropp, Ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021, pp. 7–41.doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-64585-7_2.##3- “Material Design and Considerations for Metal Additive Manufacturing,” in Metal Additive Manufacturing, Wiley, 2021, pp. 297–382.doi: 10.1002/9781119210801.ch8.##4-T. B. Sercombe and X. 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Tan et al., “Inoculation treatment of an additively manufactured 2024 aluminium alloy with titanium nanoparticles,” Acta Mater, vol. 196, pp. 1–16, Sep.2020.doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.06.026.##9-A. Sonawane, G. Roux, J. J. Blandin, A. Despres, and G. Martin, “Cracking mechanism and its sensitivity to processing conditions during laser powder bed fusion of a structural aluminum alloy,” Materialia (Oxf), vol. 15, p. 100976, Mar. 2021.doi: 10.1016/J.MTLA.2020.100976.##10- J. Elambasseril et al., “Effect of process parameters and grain refinement on hot tearing susceptibility of high strength aluminum alloy 2139 in laser powder bed fusion,” Progress in Additive Manufacturing, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 887–901, Oct. 2022. doi: 10.1007/S40964-021-00259-2/FIGURES/13.##11-M. A. Pekok, R. Setchi, M. Ryan, Q. Han, and D. Gu, “Effect of process parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA2024 fabricated using selective laser melting,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 112, no. 1–2, pp. 175–192, Jan. 2021.doi: 10.1007/S00170-020-06346-Y/TABLES/3.##12-Q. Tan, Y. Liu, Z. Fan, J. Zhang, Y. Yin, and M. X. Zhang, “Effect of processing parameters on thedensification of an additively manufactured 2024 Al alloy,” J Mater Sci Technol, vol. 58, pp. 34–45, Dec. 2020.doi: 10.1016/J.JMST.2020.03.070.##13- L. Tonelli, E. Liverani, G. Valli, A. Fortunato, and L. Ceschini, “Effects of powders and process parameters on density and hardness of A357 aluminum alloy fabricated by selective laser melting,” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 106, no. 1–2, pp. 371–383, Jan. 2020.doi: 10.1007/S00170-019-04641-X/METRICS.##14-K. Riener, T. Pfalz, F. Funcke, and G. Leichtfried, “Processability of high-strength aluminum 6182 series alloy via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF),” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 119, no. 7–8, pp. 4963–4977, Apr. 2022.doi: 10.1007/S00170-022-08673-8/FIGURES/17.##15- G. Del Guercio et al., “Cracking behaviour of high-strength AA2024 aluminium alloy produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion,” Addit Manuf, vol. 54, p. 102776, Jun. 2022.doi: 10.1016/J.ADDMA.2022.102776.##16-W. Stopyra, K. Gruber, I. Smolina, T. Kurzynowski, and B. Kuźnicka, “Laser powder bed fusion of AA7075 alloy: Influence of process parameters on porosity and hot cracking,” Addit Manuf, vol. 35, p. 101270, Oct. 2020.doi: 10.1016/J.ADDMA.2020.101270.##17-W. Stopyra, K. Gruber, I. Smolina, T. Kurzynowski, and B. Kuźnicka, “Laser powder bed fusion of AA7075 alloy: Influence of process parameters on porosity and hot cracking,” Addit Manuf, vol. 35, p. 101270, Oct. 2020.doi: 10.1016/J.ADDMA.2020.101270.##18-A. Sonawane, G. Roux, J. 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مدل‌سازی تغییرات اندازه دانه منطقه اغتشاشی در آلیاژ آلومینیم 2024 برحسب پارامترهای اجرایی فرایند فرآوری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی Modeling of stir zone grain size variation in the friction stir processed Al-2024 according to the FSP parameters 1 1 فرایند فرآوری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی بر صفحات آلومینیوم آلیاژی 2024 در گستره نسبتا وسیعی از سرعت پیشروی( 25 الی 63 میلی‌متر بر دقیقه) و سرعت چرخش(315 الی 800 دور بر دقیقه) انجام شد. تغیرات دمایی و اندازه دانه در منطقه اغتشاشی اندازه‌گیری و تعیین گردید و ارتباط بین اندازه دانه و دمای منطقه اغتشاشی مورد تحلیل و بررسی واقع شد. بررسی‌های انجام شده آشکار نمود که پارامترهای فرایند اصطکاکی اغتشاشی بر میزان حرارت ایجاد در منطقه اغتشاشی تاثیر و موجب تغییرات اندازه دانه در این ناحیه مطابق با رابطه زنر- هالومن می‌شود. بررسی‌های انجام شده نشان داد که تغییرات اندازه دانه به متغیرهای اجرایی فرایند اصطکاکی اغتشاشی مرتبط می‌باشد و می‌توان این وابستگی را به صورت رابطه ریاضی نشان داد. همچنین بررسی‌های محاسباتی انجام شده نشان داد که نرخ کرنش اعمال شده حین فرایند اصطکاکی اغتشاشی مستقل از متغیرهای اجرایی این فرایند است و میزان آن در کل فرایند ثابت است. 2 In the present study, friction stir processing (FSP) technique was carried out on the AA2024 sheet at different traverse speed (63 to 250 mm/min) and rotation speed (315 to 800 rpm). The temperature and grain size of stirred zone (SZ) were measured and their relationship was analyzed and effect of FSP parameters on the grain size of SZ was determined. Experiment and analytical investigations revealed that SZ grain size complies the exponential temperature-dependent relationship and can be defined the mathematical equation. Calculations indicate that a change in operational variables (rotation and traverse speeds) makes no variation in strain rate, and it is constant. 59 65 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/112023/02/28 1401/12/9 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/262023/04/9 1402/1/20 عبدالله لعل پور A. Lalpour دانشکده مهندسی مواد و معدن، پردیس فنی، دانشگاه یزد. ایران lalpour2004@yahoo.com مسعود مصلایی پور M. Mosallaee دانشکده مهندسی مواد و معدن، پردیس فنی، دانشگاه یزد. ایران mosal@yazd.ac.ir علی اشرفی A. Ashrafi دانشکده مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان. ایران ashrafi@iut.ac.ir Friction Stir Processing (FSP) Zener-Hollomon Aluminum Alloy 2024 grain size. فرایند اصطکاکی اغتشاشی زنر-هالومن آلومینیوم آلیاژی 2024 و اندازه دانه. 1-A. Dutta, I. Charit, L. B. Johannes, R. S. Mishra, Deep cup forming by superplastic punch tretching of friction stir processed 7075 Al alloy, Mate. Sci. Eng. A 395 (2005) 173–179. ##2-J.Q.Su, T.W.Nelson and C.J.Sterling, Microstructure evolution during FSW/FSP of highstrength aluminum alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A 405 (2005) 277–286.##3-J.Q. Su, T.W. Nelson, and C.J. Sterling, Friction stir processing of large-area bulk UFG aluminum alloys, Scripta Mater, 52(2005)135–140.##4-T. Srinivasa Rao, G. Madhusudhan Reddy, S. R. Koteswara Rao, Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA7075−T651 aluminum alloy thick plates, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 25 (2015) 1770−1778.##5-R. S. Mishra, M. W. Mahoney, Friction Stir Processing: A New Grain Refinement Technique in Commercial Alloys, Materials Science Forum, 357-359 (2001) 507-514.##6-P. Cavaliere and A. Squillace, High temperature deformation of friction stir processed 7075 aluminium alloy, Materials Characterization 55 (2005) 136– 142.##7-C. B. Smith, R. S. Mishra, Friction Stir Processing for Enhanced Low Temperature Formability, 1st Ed., Elsevier, United Kingdom, (2014) 7-12.##8-R. S. Mishra, Friction Stir Welding of 2XXX Aluminum Alloys Including Al-Li Alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017.##9-P.A. Colegrove, H.R. Shercliff, R. Zettler, Model for predicting heat generation and temperature in friction stir welding from the material properties, Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining 12 (2007) 284-297.##10-Y. Chen, J. Feng, H. Liu, Precipitate evolution in friction stir welding of 2219-T6 aluminum alloys, Mater. Charact 60 (2009) 476-481.##11-A. Shukla, W. 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Koteswara Rao, Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA7075−T651 aluminum alloy thick plates, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 25 (2015) 1770−1778.##5-R. S. Mishra, M. W. Mahoney, Friction Stir Processing: A New Grain Refinement Technique in Commercial Alloys, Materials Science Forum, 357-359 (2001) 507-514.##6-P. Cavaliere and A. Squillace, High temperature deformation of friction stir processed 7075 aluminium alloy, Materials Characterization 55 (2005) 136– 142.##7-C. B. Smith, R. S. Mishra, Friction Stir Processing for Enhanced Low Temperature Formability, 1st Ed., Elsevier, United Kingdom, (2014) 7-12.##8-R. S. Mishra, Friction Stir Welding of 2XXX Aluminum Alloys Including Al-Li Alloys, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017.##9-P.A. Colegrove, H.R. Shercliff, R. Zettler, Model for predicting heat generation and temperature in friction stir welding from the material properties, Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining 12 (2007) 284-297.##10-Y. Chen, J. Feng, H. Liu, Precipitate evolution in friction stir welding of 2219-T6 aluminum alloys, Mater. Charact 60 (2009) 476-481.##11-A. Shukla, W. Baeslack, Study of process/structure/property relationships in friction stir welded thin sheet AlCuLi alloy, Sci. Technol. Weld. Joining 14 (2009) 376-387.##12-A. Shukla, Friction stir welding of thin-sheet, age-hardenable aluminum alloys: a study of process/structure/property relationships, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses )2007(.##13-B. Yang, J. Yan, M.A. Sutton, A.P. Reynolds, Banded microstructure in AA2024-T351 and AA2524-T351 aluminum friction stir welds: Part I. Metallurgical studies, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 364 (2004) 55-65.##14-M. Mohammadtaheri, M. Haddad-Sabzevar, M. Mazinani, E.B. Motlagh, The effect of base metal conditions on the final microstructure and hardness of 2024 aluminum alloy friction-stir welds, Metall. Mater. Trans. 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DebRoy, Torque, power requirement and stir zone geometry in friction stir welding through modeling and experiments, Scripta Materialia 60 (2009) 13–16.##17-رامین دلیر نظرلو، فراز امید بخش، جواد ملایی میلانی، بررسی اثر سرعت دورانی ابزار بر فرایند انتقال مواد در جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشای آلومینیوم خالص، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال ششم، شماره1، صفحه 9-17.##18-بهزاد صادقیان، مسعود عطاپور، ابوذر طاهری زاده، شبیه سازی سیلان لاستیک و مورفولوژی اتصال در جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی غیر مشابه فولاد زنگ نزن به آلیاژ آلومینیوم، علوم و فنون جوشکاری ایران، سال اول، شماره1، صفحه 24-37.##19-مجتبی صادقی گوغری، مسعود شعبانی، ابراهیم میرزاپور، مسعود کثیری، کامران امینی، جوشکاری هم‌زن اصطکاکی اتصال غیر‌هم‌جنس آلیاژ آلومینیوم 5083 و تیتانیوم خالص تجاری، علوم و فنون جوشکاری ایران، سال دوم، شماره1، صفحه 49-56.##20-مجید بلباسی، مهرداد رضایی، اثر هندسه ابزار بر خواص مکانیکی کامپوزیت آلومینیوم 6061- آلومینا ایجاد شده به روش جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی، علوم و فنون جوشکاری ایران، سال پنجم، شماره2، صفحه 77-88.##21-J. 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Kokawa, Parameters Controlling Microstructure and Hardness during Friction-Stir Welding of Precipitation-Hardenable Aluminum Alloy 6063, Metallur. and Mat. Trans. A 33 (2002) 625-635. ##26-J. Yan, M. A. Sutton, and A. P. Reynolds, Process–structure–property relationships for nugget and heat affected zone regions of AA2524–T351 friction stir welds, Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 10 No. 6 (2005) 725–736. ##

ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال غیرهمجنس آلومینیم 1050 به فولاد زنگ نزن 316L در جوشکاری همزن اصطکاکی Microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar friction stir welding between aluminum 1050 and 316L stainless steel 1 1 هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی تغییرات سرعت چرخشی و پیشروی ابزار بر ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال در جوشکاری همزن اصطکاکی آلومینیم 1050 و فولاد زنگ نزن L316 است. به همین منظور کیفیت اتصال، ریزساختار، ضخامت و نوع ترکیبات بین‌فلزی، آزمون سختی و کشش بر روی اتصال مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. انتخاب مناسب پارامترهای جوشکاری باعث به وجود آمدن اتصال با خواص متالورژیکی و مکانیکی مناسب می شود. در این تحقیق، دو سرعت چرخشی rpm 560 و 900 و چهار سرعت پیشروی mm/min60، 80، 100 و 125 به عنوان پارامترهای متغیر انتخاب شدند. ریزساختار از چهار ناحیه فلزپایه، ناحیه متأثر از حرارت، ناحیه تحت تأثیر عملیات ترمومکانیکی و ناحیه همزده تشکیل شد. در تمامی نمونه‌ها منطقه همزده شامل ریزساختار تبلورمجدد یافته با دانه‌بندی ریز هم‌محور بود. با توجه به نتایج آنالیز تفکیک انرژی پرتو ایکس مشخص شد که لایه تشکیل شده در فصل مشترک اتصال، ترکیب بین‌فلزی است. سختی ناحیه همزده در تمامی نمونه‌ها به دلیل تشکیل دانه‌های ریز هم‌محور تبلورمجدد یافته و وجود ذرات فولادی بالاتر از فلز پایه آلومینیم بود. بهترین نمونه از لحاظ خواص مکانیکی، ریزساختاری و کیفیت اتصال در شرایط سرعت چرخشی r‏pm  900 و سرعت پیشروی mm/min  125 به دست آمد که مقدار استحکام برابر 84 مگاپاسکال با بازده %77 بود.   2 The purpose of this research is to investigate the change of rotational speed and traverse speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint in friction stir welding of aluminum 1050 and 316L stainless steel. For this purpose, the microstructure, thickness of intermetallic compounds, hardness and tensile test on the joint were investigated. The proper selection of welding parameters leads to the creation of a joint with suitable metallurgical and mechanical properties. In this research, two rotational speeds of 560 and 900 rpm and four traverse speeds of 60, 80, 100 and 125 mm/min were performed. The microstructure consisted of four areas of the base metal, heat affected zone, thermo-mechanical affected zone and stir zone. In all the samples, the stir zone (SZ) contained a recrystallization microstructure with fine equiaxed grains. According to the Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy results, an IMC layer formed in the joint interface. The hardness of the stir zone in all samples was higher than the aluminum base metal due to the formation of recrystallization fine equiaxed grains and the presence of steel particles. The best sample in terms of mechanical properties, mocrostructure and joint quality was obtained in the conditions of rotation speed of 900 rpm and advance speed of 125 mm/min. The strength was equal to 84 MPa with 77% efficiency. 67 82 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/112023/02/282023/03/11 1401/12/20 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/262023/04/92023/05/31 1402/3/10 محمد ناصری النجق M. Naseri Alenjagh دانشکده مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی سهند. ایران mohammadnaseri0714@gmail.com توحید سعید T. Saeid دانشکده مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی سهند. ایران saeid@sut.ac.ir Friction stir welding Dissimilar joint 316L Stainless steel Aluminum 1050 Intermetallic compounds Microstructure and Mechanical .properties جوشکاری همزن اصطکاکی اتصال غیرهمجنس فولاد زنگ‌نزن L316 آلومینیم 1050 ترکیب بین‌فلزی ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی. 1-T. Ogura, Y. Saito, T. Nishida, H. Nishida, T. Yoshida, N. Omichi, M. Fujimoto, and A. Hirose, "Partitioning evaluation of mechanical properties and the interfacial microstructure in a friction stir welded aluminum alloy/stainless steel lap joint", Scripta materialia 66 (2012) 531-534. ##2-R. Rafiei, A.O. Moghaddam, M.R. Hatami, F. Khodabakhshi, A. Abdolahzadeh, and A. Shokuhfar, "Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the dissimilar friction-stir butt welds between an Al-Mg alloy and A316L stainless steel", The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 90 (2017) 2785-2801.##3-T. Tanaka, T. Morishige, and T. Hirata, "Comprehensive analysis of joint strength for dissimilar friction stir welds of mild steel to aluminum alloys", Scripta materialia 61 (2009) 756-759.##4- M. Movahedi, A.H. Kokabi, S.M. Seyed Reihani, and H. Najafi, "Mechanical and microstructural characterization of Al-5083/St-12 lap joints made by friction stir welding", Procedia engineering 10 (2011) 3297-3303.##5-R.S. Mishra and M.W. Mahoney, "Friction stir welding and processing", Materials science and engineering 50 (2005) 1-78.##6- R.S. Mishra, P. De, and N. Kumar, "Friction stir welding and processing", Science and engineering (2014) 1-338.##7-P.R. Berndt, J.H. Neethling, H. Lombard, M.N. James, and D.H. Hattingh, "Microstructural characterization of precipitates in Al 5083-H321", Materials and design 335 (2005) 229-435.##8-M. Pourali, A. Abdollah-zadeh, T, Saeid, and F. Kargar, "Influence of welding parameters on intermetallic compounds formation in dissimilar steel/aluminum friction stir welds", Journal of alloys and compounds 715 (2017) 1-8.##9-S.A. Hussein, A.S.M. Tahir, and A.B. Hadzley, "Characteristics of aluminum-to-steel joint made by friction stir welding: A review", Materials today communications 5 (2015) 32-49. ##10-M. Balamagendiravaman, S. Kundu, and S. Chatterjee, "An analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties on friction stir welded joint of dissimilar 304 stainless steel and commercial pure aluminum", Archives of metallurgy and materials 62 (2017) 1813-1817.##11-Z. Shen, Y. Chen, M. Haghshenas, and A.P. Gerlich, "Role of welding parameters on interfacial bonding in dissimilar steel/aluminum friction stir welds", Engineering science and technology, an international journal 18 (2015)270-277.##12-K.K. Ramachandran, N. Murugan, and S. Shashi Kumar, "Influence of tool traverse speed on the characteristics of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum alloy, AA5052 and HSLA steel joints", Archives of civil and mechanical engineering 15 (2015) 822-830.##13-ع. سلطانی، م. شاکری، س. نوروزی و ح. جمشیدی، "تأثیر پارامترهای جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی بر خواص مکانیکی اتصـال لبه‌روی‌هم آلیــاژ آلومینیم به فـولاد زنگ‌نزن آستنیتی"، نشریه علمی- پژوهشی امیرکبیر (مهندسی مکانیک)، دوره 46، زمستان 1393، صفحه 35 تا 43.##14-S. Zandsalimi, A. Heidarzadeh, and T. Saeid, "Dissimilar friction-stir welding of 430 stainless steel and 6061 aluminum alloy: Microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints", Journal of materials design and applications 233 (2018) 1791-1801.##15-K. Kimapong and T. Watanabe, "Effect of welding process parameters on mechanical property of FSW lap joint between aluminum alloy and steel", Materials transactions 46 (2005) 2211-2217.##16-M. Dehghani, A. Amadeh, and S.A.A Akbari Mousavi, "Investigations on the effects of friction stir welding parameters on intermetallic and defect formation in joining aluminum alloy to mild steel", Materials and design 49 (2013) 433-441.##17-R. Jabraeili, H.R. Jafarian, R. Khajeh, N. Park, Y. Kim, A. Heidarzadeh, and A.R. Eivani, "Effect of FSW process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar AA2024 al alloy and 304 stainless steel joints", Materials science and engineering: A 814 (2021) 140981.##18-M. Habibnia, M. Shakeri, S. Nourouzi, and M.K. Besharati Givi, "Microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 5050 Al and 304 stainless steel plates", The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 76 (2015) 819-829.##19-Q. Zhao, H. Ma, G. Qin,"On the formation of interfacial compounds in the 2A14 Al alloy/steel friction welded joint: A comparative study", Journal of manufacturing processes 83 (2022) 398-413.##20-R.S. Mishra, Z.Y. Ma and I. Charit, "Friction stir processing: a noval technique for fabrication of surface composite", Materials science engineering: A 341 (2003) 307-310.##21-A. Khorovaninezhad, M. Shamanian, A. Rezaeian, and M. Atapur, "Investigation of mechanical properties of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel and St 37 low carbon steel dissimilar joint by friction stir welding", Journal of advanced materials in engineering 34 (2) (2015) 89-101.##22-S.H.C. Park, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa, K. Okamoto,S. Hirano, and M. Inagaki, "Microstructural characterization of stir zone containing residual ferrite in friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel" Science and technology of welding and joining 10 (2005) 550-556.##23-M. Alimadadi, M. Mahmoudniya, M. Goodarzi, and S.M.A. Boutorabi, "Effect of tool transverse speed and pin offset on the properties of friction stir welding Al6061-St52 dissimilar joint", journal of advanced joining processes 5 (2022) 100116.##24-H. Uzun, C.D. Donne, A. Argagnotto, T. Ghidini, and C. Gambaro, "Friction stir welding of dissimilar Al 6013-T4 to X5CrNi18-10 stainless steel", Materials and design 26 (2005) 41-46.##25-R.P. Mahto, C. Gupta, M. Kinjawadekar, A. Meena, and S.K. Pal,"Weldability of AA6061-T6 and AISI 304 by underwater friction stir welding", Journal of manufacturing processes 38 (2019) 370-386.##26-M. Sahu and S. Ganguly, "Distribution of intermetallic compounds in dissimilar joint interface of AA5083 and HSLA steel welded by FSW technique",Intermetallics 151 (2022) 107734.##27-M. Du, W. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Niu,"Effect of process parameters on performance of TWIP steel/ Al alloy dissimilar metals butt joints by laser offset welding", Materials science and engineering:A 853 (2022) 143746.##28-M. Saleh, H. Liu, K. Ushioda, H. Fujii,"Effect of Zn interlayer on friction stir butt welding of A1100 and SUS316L stainless steel", Science and technology of welding and joining 27 (2022) 361-373.##1-T. Ogura, Y. Saito, T. Nishida, H. Nishida, T. Yoshida, N. Omichi, M. Fujimoto, and A. Hirose, "Partitioning evaluation of mechanical properties and the interfacial microstructure in a friction stir welded aluminum alloy/stainless steel lap joint", Scripta materialia 66 (2012) 531-534. ##2-R. Rafiei, A.O. Moghaddam, M.R. Hatami, F. Khodabakhshi, A. Abdolahzadeh, and A. Shokuhfar, "Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the dissimilar friction-stir butt welds between an Al-Mg alloy and A316L stainless steel", The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 90 (2017) 2785-2801.##3-T. Tanaka, T. Morishige, and T. Hirata, "Comprehensive analysis of joint strength for dissimilar friction stir welds of mild steel to aluminum alloys", Scripta materialia 61 (2009) 756-759.##4- M. Movahedi, A.H. Kokabi, S.M. Seyed Reihani, and H. Najafi, "Mechanical and microstructural characterization of Al-5083/St-12 lap joints made by friction stir welding", Procedia engineering 10 (2011) 3297-3303.##5-R.S. Mishra and M.W. Mahoney, "Friction stir welding and processing", Materials science and engineering 50 (2005) 1-78.##6- R.S. Mishra, P. De, and N. Kumar, "Friction stir welding and processing", Science and engineering (2014) 1-338.##7-P.R. Berndt, J.H. Neethling, H. Lombard, M.N. James, and D.H. Hattingh, "Microstructural characterization of precipitates in Al 5083-H321", Materials and design 335 (2005) 229-435.##8-M. Pourali, A. Abdollah-zadeh, T, Saeid, and F. Kargar, "Influence of welding parameters on intermetallic compounds formation in dissimilar steel/aluminum friction stir welds", Journal of alloys and compounds 715 (2017) 1-8.##9-S.A. Hussein, A.S.M. Tahir, and A.B. Hadzley, "Characteristics of aluminum-to-steel joint made by friction stir welding: A review", Materials today communications 5 (2015) 32-49. ##10-M. Balamagendiravaman, S. Kundu, and S. Chatterjee, "An analysis of microstructure and mechanical properties on friction stir welded joint of dissimilar 304 stainless steel and commercial pure aluminum", Archives of metallurgy and materials 62 (2017) 1813-1817.##11-Z. Shen, Y. Chen, M. Haghshenas, and A.P. Gerlich, "Role of welding parameters on interfacial bonding in dissimilar steel/aluminum friction stir welds", Engineering science and technology, an international journal 18 (2015)270-277.##12-K.K. Ramachandran, N. Murugan, and S. Shashi Kumar, "Influence of tool traverse speed on the characteristics of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum alloy, AA5052 and HSLA steel joints", Archives of civil and mechanical engineering 15 (2015) 822-830.##13-ع. سلطانی، م. شاکری، س. نوروزی و ح. جمشیدی، "تأثیر پارامترهای جوشکاری اصطکاکی اغتشاشی بر خواص مکانیکی اتصـال لبه‌روی‌هم آلیــاژ آلومینیم به فـولاد زنگ‌نزن آستنیتی"، نشریه علمی- پژوهشی امیرکبیر (مهندسی مکانیک)، دوره 46، زمستان 1393، صفحه 35 تا 43.##14-S. Zandsalimi, A. Heidarzadeh, and T. Saeid, "Dissimilar friction-stir welding of 430 stainless steel and 6061 aluminum alloy: Microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints", Journal of materials design and applications 233 (2018) 1791-1801.##15-K. Kimapong and T. Watanabe, "Effect of welding process parameters on mechanical property of FSW lap joint between aluminum alloy and steel", Materials transactions 46 (2005) 2211-2217.##16-M. Dehghani, A. Amadeh, and S.A.A Akbari Mousavi, "Investigations on the effects of friction stir welding parameters on intermetallic and defect formation in joining aluminum alloy to mild steel", Materials and design 49 (2013) 433-441.##17-R. Jabraeili, H.R. Jafarian, R. Khajeh, N. Park, Y. Kim, A. Heidarzadeh, and A.R. Eivani, "Effect of FSW process parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar AA2024 al alloy and 304 stainless steel joints", Materials science and engineering: A 814 (2021) 140981.##18-M. Habibnia, M. Shakeri, S. Nourouzi, and M.K. Besharati Givi, "Microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir welded 5050 Al and 304 stainless steel plates", The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 76 (2015) 819-829.##19-Q. Zhao, H. Ma, G. Qin,"On the formation of interfacial compounds in the 2A14 Al alloy/steel friction welded joint: A comparative study", Journal of manufacturing processes 83 (2022) 398-413.##20-R.S. Mishra, Z.Y. Ma and I. Charit, "Friction stir processing: a noval technique for fabrication of surface composite", Materials science engineering: A 341 (2003) 307-310.##21-A. Khorovaninezhad, M. Shamanian, A. Rezaeian, and M. Atapur, "Investigation of mechanical properties of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel and St 37 low carbon steel dissimilar joint by friction stir welding", Journal of advanced materials in engineering 34 (2) (2015) 89-101.##22-S.H.C. Park, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa, K. Okamoto,S. Hirano, and M. Inagaki, "Microstructural characterization of stir zone containing residual ferrite in friction stir welded 304 austenitic stainless steel" Science and technology of welding and joining 10 (2005) 550-556.##23-M. Alimadadi, M. Mahmoudniya, M. Goodarzi, and S.M.A. Boutorabi, "Effect of tool transverse speed and pin offset on the properties of friction stir welding Al6061-St52 dissimilar joint", journal of advanced joining processes 5 (2022) 100116.##24-H. Uzun, C.D. Donne, A. Argagnotto, T. Ghidini, and C. Gambaro, "Friction stir welding of dissimilar Al 6013-T4 to X5CrNi18-10 stainless steel", Materials and design 26 (2005) 41-46.##25-R.P. Mahto, C. Gupta, M. Kinjawadekar, A. Meena, and S.K. Pal,"Weldability of AA6061-T6 and AISI 304 by underwater friction stir welding", Journal of manufacturing processes 38 (2019) 370-386.##26-M. Sahu and S. Ganguly, "Distribution of intermetallic compounds in dissimilar joint interface of AA5083 and HSLA steel welded by FSW technique",Intermetallics 151 (2022) 107734.##27-M. Du, W. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Niu,"Effect of process parameters on performance of TWIP steel/ Al alloy dissimilar metals butt joints by laser offset welding", Materials science and engineering:A 853 (2022) 143746.##28-M. Saleh, H. Liu, K. Ushioda, H. Fujii,"Effect of Zn interlayer on friction stir butt welding of A1100 and SUS316L stainless steel", Science and technology of welding and joining 27 (2022) 361-373. ##

بررسی ریزساختار و خواص مکانیکی آلیاژ لحیم نرم بدون سرب کامپوزیتی حاوی میکرو ذرات کبالت تولید شده به روش اتصال نورد انباشتی Investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of lead free composite solder containing cobalt microparticles produced by accumulative roll bonding 1 1 روند کوچک‌سازی و فشرده‌سازی تجهیزات الکترونیکی و حذف عنصر سرب از آلیاژهای لحیم‌کاری به دلیل ملاحظات زیست‌محیطی، چالش بزرگی را در زمینه طراحی و توسعه لحیم‌های جدید ایجاد کرده است. لذا اخیراً کامپوزیت‌سازی با بهره‌گیری از ذرات تقویت‌کننده به‌منظور بهبود کارآیی لحیم‌های بدون سرب مدنظر پژوهشگران قرارگرفته است. در این پژوهش آلیاژ لحیم SAC0307  (99 درصد وزنی قلع، 3/0 درصد وزنی نقره و 7/0 درصد وزنی مس) با درصد‌های مختلف میکرو ذرات کبالت، به روش اتصال نورد انباشتی ساخته شد؛ سپس به بررسی تأثیر کامپورزیت‌سازی بر مشخصه‌های ترشوندگی، ریزساختاری و مکانیکی آلیاژ لحیم پرداخته شد. کمترین زاویه تماس در نمونه 2/0 درصد کبالت به مقدار 23 درجه به دست آمد. با اضافه کردن کبالت، اندازه ترکیبات بین فلزی Cu6Sn5 و Ag3Sn کاهش پیداکرد و درصد فازهای یوتکتیکی افزایش ‌یافت. همچنین شکل ترکیبات بین‌فلزی فصل‌مشترکی با اضافه کردن کبالت از حالت حلزونی به لایه‌ای تغییر کرده و متوسط ضخامت آن‌ها حدود 13 تا 71 درصد افزایش ‌یافته است. استحکام‌برشی لحیم‌ها با افزایش میکرو ذرات کبالت تا %38  در آلیاژ حاوی 4/0 درصد کبالت افزایش یافت؛ درحالی‌ که در لحیم کامپوزیتی حاوی 1 درصد کبالت، کاهش استحکام برشی به دلیل آگلومره شدن میکروذرات کبالت، مشاهده شد. سطوح شکست برشی نشان داد، ماهیت شکست با افزایش درصد میکرو ذرات کبالت در لحیم کامپوزیتی از شکست نرم به‌صورت حفرات کشیده شده به شکست ترد به‌صورت تورقی تبدیل‌شده است. نتایج نشان داد آلیاژ کامپوزیتی حاوی 2/0 تا 4/0 درصد کبالت بهترین خواص ترشوندگی و استحکام کشش برشی را دارند. 2 The miniaturization and compaction trends in electronic equipment and the removal of lead (Pb) element from solder alloys due to environmental considerations have created a great challenge in the field of designing and developing of new solder alloys. Therefore, researchers have recently focused on composite solder alloys using reinforcing particles to improve the reliability of lead-free solders. In this research, SAC0307 solder alloys (99 wt.% Sn, 0.3 wt.% Ag, and 0.7 wt.% Cu) with different percentages of cobalt microparticles were made by the Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) method. Then, the effect of the particles on wettability, microstructures and mechanical characteristics of solder alloys was investigated. The lowest contact angle was 23◦in 0.2 wt.% cobalt sample. By adding cobalt to the solder matrix, the size of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), Cu6Sn5 and Ag3Sn, decreased and the percentage of eutectic phases increased. The shape of the interfacial intermetallic compounds changed from scallop to layer shape by adding cobalt, and their average thickness increased about 13-71% in composite samples. The shear strength of solders increased up to 38% by enhancement of cobalt microparticles in the solder alloy containing 0.4 wt.% cobalt; however, shear strength was decreased in the composite solder containing 1 wt.% cobalt due to the agglomeration of microparticles. The shear fracture surfaces showed that the nature of the fracture changed from ductile fracture in the form of elongated dimples to brittle fracture in the form of cleavage with the increase in the percentage of cobalt microparticles. The composite solder alloys containing 0.2-0.4 wt.% Co have the best wettability behavior and tensile shear strength. 83 92 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/112023/02/282023/03/112023/03/12 1401/12/21 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/262023/04/92023/05/312023/05/31 1402/3/10 محمدهادی نورمحمدی M.H. nourmohammadi دانشکده مهندسی و علم مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، ایران. ایران hadinor65@gmail.com مجتبی موحدی M. movahedi دانشکده مهندسی و علم مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، ایران. ایران m_movahedi@sharif.edu امیرحسین کوکبی A.H. kokabi دانشکده مهندسی و علم مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، ایران. ایران kokabi@sharif.edu معین تمیزی M. Tamizi دانشکده مهندسی و علم مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف، تهران، ایران. ایران Moein.tamizi93@sharif.edu Lead free solders Nanocomposite Materials Soldering Intermetallic compound Accumulative Roll Bonding. لحیم های نرم بدون سرب؛ نانوکامپوزیت ها؛ لحیم کاری؛ کامپوزیت‌های زمینه فلزی؛ ترکیبات بین فلزی؛ اتصال نورد انباشتی 1-Obemdorff, P., Lead-free Solder Systems: Phase Relations and Microstructure. 2001, PhD thesis, Technical University of Eindhoven, 12 Eindhoven, The Netherlands.##2-Illés, B., et al. Soldering with SACX0307-(TiO 2/ZnO) nano-composite solder alloys. in 2021 44th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). 2021. IEEE.##3-Roshanghias, A., et al., Ceria reinforced nanocomposite solder foils fabricated by accumulative roll bonding process. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2012. 23: p. 1698-1704.##4-Chang, S., et al., Effect of addition of TiO2 nanoparticles on the microstructure, microhardness and interfacial reactions of Sn3. 5AgXCu solder. Materials & Design, 2011. 32(10): p. 4720-4727.##5-Zhang, L. and K.-N. Tu, Structure and properties of lead-free solders bearing micro and nano particles. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2014. 82: p. 1-32.##6-Yakymovych, A., et al., Effect of nano Co reinforcements on the structure of the Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu solder inliquid and after reflow solid states. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2016. 181: p. 470-475.##7-Tay, S., A. Haseeb, and M. Rafie Johan, Addition of cobalt nanoparticles into Sn‐3.8 Ag‐0.7 Cu lead‐free solder by paste mixing. Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, 2011. 23(1): p. 10-14.##8-Zaimi, N., et al. Influence of non-metallic particles addition on wettability, intermetallic compound formation and microhardness of Sn-0.7 Cu lead free solder paste. in Solid State Phenomena. 2018. Trans Tech Publ.##9-Tamizi, M., et al., Wettability and Rheological Behavior of Low Ag Lead-Free SAC/Graphene and Cobalt-Graphene Nanocomposite Solder Paste. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2022. 53(8): p. 2811-2822.##10-Liu, L., C. Andersson, and J. Liu, Thermodynamic assessment of the Sn-Co lead-free solder system. Journalof electronic materials, 2004. 33: p. 935-939.##11- Liu, P., P. Yao, and J. Liu, Effect of SiC nanoparticle additions on microstructure and microhardness of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy. Journal of electronic materials, 2008. 37: p. 874-879.##12- Liu, X., et al., Effect of graphene nanosheets reinforcement on the performance of Sn- Ag- Cu er. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2013. 562: p. 25-32.##13- سجاد ازغندی راد و همکاران، "بررسی ریزساختار و خواص فیزیکی لحیم نانو کامپوزیتی حاوی درصد های مختلف نانو صفحات گرافن (SAC0307+GNSs) ‌"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال‌هشتم، شماره‌ 1، بهار و تابستان 1401.##14-Taya, S., et al., Influence of Ninanoparticle on the morphology and growth of interfacial intermetallic compounds between Sne3. 8Age0. 7Cu lead-free solder and copper substrate. Intermetallics, 2013. 33: p. 8e15.##15- Nishikawa, H., A. Komatsu, and T. Takemoto, Interfacial reaction between Sn–Ag–Co solder and metals. Materials transactions, 2005. 46(11): p. 2394-2399.##16-Lin, J., et al., Effect of strain rate on joint strength and failure mode of Lead-Free solder joints. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2018. 47: p. 2073-2081.##17-Sujan, G., et al., Interfacial reaction, ball shear strength and fracture surface analysis of lead-free solder joints prepared using cobalt nanoparticle doped flux. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017. 695: p. 981-990.##1-Obemdorff, P., Lead-free Solder Systems: Phase Relations and Microstructure. 2001, PhD thesis, Technical University of Eindhoven, 12 Eindhoven, The Netherlands.##2-Illés, B., et al. Soldering with SACX0307-(TiO 2/ZnO) nano-composite solder alloys. in 2021 44th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). 2021. IEEE.##3-Roshanghias, A., et al., Ceria reinforced nanocomposite solder foils fabricated by accumulative roll bonding process. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2012. 23: p. 1698-1704.##4-Chang, S., et al., Effect of addition of TiO2 nanoparticles on the microstructure, microhardness and interfacial reactions of Sn3. 5AgXCu solder. Materials & Design, 2011. 32(10): p. 4720-4727.##5-Zhang, L. and K.-N. Tu, Structure and properties of lead-free solders bearing micro and nano particles. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2014. 82: p. 1-32.##6-Yakymovych, A., et al., Effect of nano Co reinforcements on the structure of the Sn-3.0 Ag-0.5 Cu solder inliquid and after reflow solid states. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2016. 181: p. 470-475.##7-Tay, S., A. Haseeb, and M. Rafie Johan, Addition of cobalt nanoparticles into Sn‐3.8 Ag‐0.7 Cu lead‐free solder by paste mixing. Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, 2011. 23(1): p. 10-14.##8-Zaimi, N., et al. Influence of non-metallic particles addition on wettability, intermetallic compound formation and microhardness of Sn-0.7 Cu lead free solder paste. in Solid State Phenomena. 2018. Trans Tech Publ.##9-Tamizi, M., et al., Wettability and Rheological Behavior of Low Ag Lead-Free SAC/Graphene and Cobalt-Graphene Nanocomposite Solder Paste. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2022. 53(8): p. 2811-2822.##10-Liu, L., C. Andersson, and J. Liu, Thermodynamic assessment of the Sn-Co lead-free solder system. Journalof electronic materials, 2004. 33: p. 935-939.##11- Liu, P., P. Yao, and J. Liu, Effect of SiC nanoparticle additions on microstructure and microhardness of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy. Journal of electronic materials, 2008. 37: p. 874-879.##12- Liu, X., et al., Effect of graphene nanosheets reinforcement on the performance of Sn- Ag- Cu er. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2013. 562: p. 25-32.##13- سجاد ازغندی راد و همکاران، "بررسی ریزساختار و خواص فیزیکی لحیم نانو کامپوزیتی حاوی درصد های مختلف نانو صفحات گرافن (SAC0307+GNSs) ‌"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال‌هشتم، شماره‌ 1، بهار و تابستان 1401.##14-Taya, S., et al., Influence of Ninanoparticle on the morphology and growth of interfacial intermetallic compounds between Sne3. 8Age0. 7Cu lead-free solder and copper substrate. Intermetallics, 2013. 33: p. 8e15.##15- Nishikawa, H., A. Komatsu, and T. Takemoto, Interfacial reaction between Sn–Ag–Co solder and metals. Materials transactions, 2005. 46(11): p. 2394-2399.##16-Lin, J., et al., Effect of strain rate on joint strength and failure mode of Lead-Free solder joints. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2018. 47: p. 2073-2081.##17-Sujan, G., et al., Interfacial reaction, ball shear strength and fracture surface analysis of lead-free solder joints prepared using cobalt nanoparticle doped flux. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017. 695: p. 981-990. ##

ساخت داربست زمینه پلیمری پلی لاکتیک اسید/ کیتوسان تقویت شده با ذرات اکسید روی به روش ساخت افزایشی/جوشکاری چاپ سه بعدی و بررسی خواص آن‌ها Production of polylactic acid/chitosan polymer matrix scaffold reinforced with zinc oxide particles by 3D printing additive/welding manufacturing method and investigating their properties 1 1 در این مقاله داربست‌های زمینه پلیمری کیتوسان و پلی لاکتیک اسید که حاوی ذرات اکسید روی هستند با به خدمت گیری چاپگر سه بعدی انجام گردید. ذرات اکسید روی از طریق روش سنتز احتراقی فرآوری گردیدند. در ادامه طبق نتایج XRD اکسید روی تولید شده دارای خلوص فازی بالایی می‌باشد و تبخیر ناخالصی‌های فرار و افزایش خواص کریستالی با انجام فرایند کلسینه کردن ایجاد گردید. در الگوی پراش اشعه ایکس PLA/ZnO/Chitosan پیک پهن در محدوده ۱۰تا  ۲۵درجه نشان دهنده آمورف بودن پلیمر زمینه است و با افزوده شدن  ZnO پیک‌های تیز و قدرتمندی در گراف بوجود آمده‌اند. تصاویر SEM  اکسید روی سنتز شده با روش احتراقی نیز نشان داد که اندازه‌ نانو ذرات ZnO دارای اندازه تقریبی 50 نانومتر هستند در حالی‌که پس از انجام عملیات حرارتی کلسینه کردن اندازه ‌ذرات افزایش بسیار زیادی یافته و به اندازه متوسط و تقریب160-130 نانومتر رسیده است. در نهایت نیز تصاویرمیکروسکوپی برگرفته از سطح داربست‌های حاوی ٪۱۰ اکسید روی، ٪۵ کیتوسان و پلی‌لاکتیک‌اسید نشان دادند که با رسیدن به شرایط بهینه چاپگر سه بعدی، ذرات ZnO به صورت یکنواخت و مناسبی در زمینه پلیمری PLA/Chitosan پراکنده شده‌اند.   2 In this paper the production of chitosan and polylactic acid polymer scaffolds containing zinc oxide particles was carried out through the 3D printer method. Zinc oxide particles were processed through combustion synthesis method. According to the XRD results, the produced oxide has a high phase purity, and the evaporation of volatile impurities and the increase of crystallinity happened via performing the calcination process. In the X-ray diffraction pattern of PLA/ZnO/Chitosan, the broad peak in the range of 10-25 degrees indicates the amorphousness of the background polymer, and with the addition of ZnO, sharp and powerful peaks have appeared in the graph. The SEM images of zinc oxide synthesized by combustion method also showed that the size of ZnO nanoparticles is approximately 50 nm, while after the calcination heat treatment, the size of the particles increased greatly and reached an average size of 130-160 nm. Finally, the microscopic images obtained from the surface of scaffolds possessing 10% zinc oxide, 5% chitosan and polylactic acid showed that by optimizing the 3D printer,  ZnO particles are uniformly dispersed in PLA/Chitosan polymer field. 93 100 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/112023/02/282023/03/112023/03/122023/04/24 1402/2/4 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/262023/04/92023/05/312023/05/312023/05/10 1402/2/20 لیلا قدمی دمابی L. Gadami Domabi گروه مهندسی مواد، دانشکده فنی مهندسی گلپایگان، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، گلپایگان، کد پستی 67498-87717. ایران leilaghadami74@gmail.com سید مهدی رفیعائی S. M. Rafiaei گروه مهندسی مواد، دانشکده فنی مهندسی گلپایگان، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، گلپایگان، کد پستی 67498-87717. ایران s.rafiaei@iut.ac.ir سمانه جهانبازی گوجانی S. Jahanbazi Gojani گروه مهندسی مواد، دانشکده فنی مهندسی گلپایگان، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، گلپایگان، کد پستی 67498-87717. ایران samanehjahanbazi1995@gmail.com combustion synthesis PLA/ZnO/Chitosan scaffold 3D printer zinc oxide glycine urea. سنتز احتراقی داربست PLA/ZnO/Chitosan پرینتر سه بعدی اکسیدروی گلایسین اوره. 1-S. T. Aruna, A. S. Mukasyan, “Combustion Synthesis and Nanomaterials”, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 12, 2008, 44–50.##2-A. G. Merzhanov, “Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis”, Chernogolovk: ISMAN, 1989, 91-94##3-A. Bayandori Moghaddam, T. Nazari, J. Badraghi, M. Kazemzad, “Synthesis of ZNO Nanoparticles and Electrodeposition of Polypyrrole/ZNO Nanocomposite Film”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 4, 2009, 247-257.##4-Z. Lin Wang, “Zinc Oxide Nanostructures: Growth, Properties and Applications”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 16, 2004, 829–858.##5-Kobayashi, H. Ikada,Y. Moritera,T. Ogura,Y. Honda,Y. (1991). Collagen-immobilized hydrogel as a material for lamella keratoplasty. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials, 2, 261##6-W.D. Kingery, ceramic fabrication processes (1958)##7-He, Y., G.-h. Xue, and J.-z. Fu, Fabrication of low cost soft tissue prostheses with the desktop 3D printer. Scientific reports, 2014. 4(1): p. 1-7##8-Ramakrishna, Luciano Lamberti, and Catalin I. Pruncu5 29 June 2020 Md Momtazur Rahmana, Md Saiful Islamb,∗, Goh Shu L Development of PLA/CS/ZnO nanocomposites and optimization its mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties.##9-R.C. Nonatoa L.H.I. Meia, B.C. Bonseb, E.F. Chinagliab, A.R. Moralesa Nanocomposites of PLA containing ZnO nanofibers made by solvent cast 3D printing: Production and characterization European Polymer Journal.##10-Santosh Kumara, Balu Krishnakumarb, Abilio J.F.N. Sobralb, Joonseok Koh. Bio-based (chitosan/PVA/ZnO) nanocomposites film: Thermally stable and photoluminescence material for removal of organic dye carbohydrate polymer 205 (2019) 559-556##11-S. R. Jain, K. C. Adiga, “A New Approach to Thermochemical Calculations of Condensed Fuel-Oxidizer Mixtures”, Combustion and Flame, 40, 1981, 71-79.##12-A. S. Mukasyan, P. Epstein, P. Dinka, “Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanomaterials”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31, 2007, 1789-1795.##13-Md Momtazur Rahmana, Md Saiful Islamb,∗, Goh Shu Lic,''Development of PLA/CS/ZnO nanocomposites and optimization its mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties'' journal of Polymer Testing 68 (2018) 302–308##14-C. C. Hwang, T. Y. Wu, “Combustion Synthesis of Nanocrystalline ZNO Powders Using Zinc Nitrate and Glycine as Reactants — Influence of Reactant Composition”, Journal of Materials Science, 39, 2004, 6111 – 6115##15-S. Mohammadian-Gezaz, I. Ghasemi, A.R. Oromiehie, Crystallization Behavior of PA6 in ABS/PA6 Blends Prepared by In Situ Polymerization and Compatibilization Method, Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 22 (2010) 469-482##1-S. T. Aruna, A. S. Mukasyan, “Combustion Synthesis and Nanomaterials”, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 12, 2008, 44–50.##2-A. G. Merzhanov, “Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis”, Chernogolovk: ISMAN, 1989, 91-94##3-A. Bayandori Moghaddam, T. Nazari, J. Badraghi, M. Kazemzad, “Synthesis of ZNO Nanoparticles and Electrodeposition of Polypyrrole/ZNO Nanocomposite Film”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 4, 2009, 247-257.##4-Z. Lin Wang, “Zinc Oxide Nanostructures: Growth, Properties and Applications”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 16, 2004, 829–858.##5-Kobayashi, H. Ikada,Y. Moritera,T. Ogura,Y. Honda,Y. (1991). Collagen-immobilized hydrogel as a material for lamella keratoplasty. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials, 2, 261##6-W.D. Kingery, ceramic fabrication processes (1958)##7-He, Y., G.-h. Xue, and J.-z. Fu, Fabrication of low cost soft tissue prostheses with the desktop 3D printer. Scientific reports, 2014. 4(1): p. 1-7##8-Ramakrishna, Luciano Lamberti, and Catalin I. Pruncu5 29 June 2020 Md Momtazur Rahmana, Md Saiful Islamb,∗, Goh Shu L Development of PLA/CS/ZnO nanocomposites and optimization its mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties.##9-R.C. Nonatoa L.H.I. Meia, B.C. Bonseb, E.F. Chinagliab, A.R. Moralesa Nanocomposites of PLA containing ZnO nanofibers made by solvent cast 3D printing: Production and characterization European Polymer Journal.##10-Santosh Kumara, Balu Krishnakumarb, Abilio J.F.N. Sobralb, Joonseok Koh. Bio-based (chitosan/PVA/ZnO) nanocomposites film: Thermally stable and photoluminescence material for removal of organic dye carbohydrate polymer 205 (2019) 559-556##11-S. R. Jain, K. C. Adiga, “A New Approach to Thermochemical Calculations of Condensed Fuel-Oxidizer Mixtures”, Combustion and Flame, 40, 1981, 71-79.##12-A. S. Mukasyan, P. Epstein, P. Dinka, “Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanomaterials”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31, 2007, 1789-1795.##13-Md Momtazur Rahmana, Md Saiful Islamb,∗, Goh Shu Lic,''Development of PLA/CS/ZnO nanocomposites and optimization its mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties'' journal of Polymer Testing 68 (2018) 302–308##14-C. C. Hwang, T. Y. Wu, “Combustion Synthesis of Nanocrystalline ZNO Powders Using Zinc Nitrate and Glycine as Reactants — Influence of Reactant Composition”, Journal of Materials Science, 39, 2004, 6111 – 6115##15-S. Mohammadian-Gezaz, I. Ghasemi, A.R. Oromiehie, Crystallization Behavior of PA6 in ABS/PA6 Blends Prepared by In Situ Polymerization and Compatibilization Method, Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 22 (2010) 469-482 ##

تاثیر عملیات حرارتی پس از جوشکاری بر ساختار و خواص مکانیکی اتصال انفجاری فولاد آستنیتی 321 - آلومینیوم 1050 - آلومینیم 5083 Effect of post weld heat treatment on the structure and mechanical properties of explosive welding of austenitic steel 321 - aluminum 1050 - aluminum 5083 1 1 در این پژوهش تاثیر عملیات حرارتی پس از جوش بر ریز ساختار و خواص مکانیکی فصل مشترک اتصال جوشکاری انفجاری سه لایه فولاد آستنیتی 321- آلومینیوم 1050 - آلومینیم 5083 بررسی شد. نمونه‌های جوشکاری شده در دماهای 250 و 350 درجه سانتی‌گراد برای زمان 10000 ثانیه، عملیات حرارتی شدند. بررسی ساختار و خواص با استفاده از میکروسکوپ نوری، میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی، ریزسختی سنجی و استحکام برشی- فشاری انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که در همه شرایط فصل مشترک آلومینیوم 5083- آلومینیوم 1050 به صورت صاف و با پیوستگی کامل بود؛ اما فصل مشترک فولاد زنگ نزن 321- آلومینیوم 1050 دارای لایه واکنشی با ضخامت متغیر و ناپیوسته بود. در حین عملیات حرارتی، ضخامت لایه فصل مشترک متناسب با سینتیک نفوذ افزایش می‌یابد و در بیشترین مقدار به 6/18 میکرون می‌رسد. با افزایش دمای عملیات حرارتی، غلظت میانگین آلومینیم در لایه واکنشی فصل مشترک از 85 درصد تا بیش از 90 درصد افزایش یافته اما غلظت آهن از 10 درصد به کمتر از 5 درصد، کاهش یافته است. همچنین، استحکام برشی- فشاری از 6/94  به 7/56 MPa کاهش می‌یابد. 2 In this research, the effect of post weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the three-layer explosion welding joint of austenitic steel 321-aluminum 1050-aluminum 5083 was investigated. The welded samples were heat treated at 250 and 350°C for 10000 seconds. The structure and properties were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, microhardness measurement and shear-compressive strength. The results showed that in all conditions, the interface of aluminum 5083-aluminum 1050 was smooth and with complete continuity; However, the interface between stainless steel 321 and aluminum 1050 had a reaction layer with variable and discontinuous thickness. During the heat treatment, the thickness of the interface layer increases according to the diffusion kinetics and reaches 18.6 microns in the maximum value. With the increase of heat treatment temperature, the average concentration of aluminum in the reaction layer of the interface increased from 85% to more than 90%, but the concentration of iron decreased from 10% to less than 5%. Also, shear-compressive strength decreases from 94.6 to 56.7 MPa. 101 112 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/112023/02/282023/03/112023/03/122023/04/242023/03/25 1402/1/5 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/262023/04/92023/05/312023/05/312023/05/102023/05/31 1402/3/10 غلامرضا خلج Gh. Khalaj گروه مهندسی مواد، واحد ساوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساوه، ایران. ایران gh.khalaj@srbiau.ac.ir علی فدایی A. Fadaei گروه مهندسی مواد، واحد ساوه، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساوه، ایران. ایران ar.kh91@yahoo.com explosive welding heat treatment interface interaction layer shear-compressive strength. جوشکاری انفجاری عملیات حرارتی فصل مشترک لایه واکنشی استحکام برشی- فشاری 1-S. T. Aruna, A. S. Mukasyan, “Combustion Synthesis and Nanomaterials”, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 12, 2008, 44–50.##2-A. G. Merzhanov, “Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis”, Chernogolovk: ISMAN, 1989, 91-94##3-A. Bayandori Moghaddam, T. Nazari, J. Badraghi, M. Kazemzad, “Synthesis of ZNO Nanoparticles and Electrodeposition of Polypyrrole/ZNO Nanocomposite Film”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 4, 2009, 247-257.##4-Z. Lin Wang, “Zinc Oxide Nanostructures: Growth, Properties and Applications”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 16, 2004, 829–858.##5-Kobayashi, H. Ikada,Y. Moritera,T. Ogura,Y. Honda,Y. (1991). Collagen-immobilized hydrogel as a material for lamella keratoplasty. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials, 2, 261##6-W.D. Kingery, ceramic fabrication processes (1958)##7-He, Y., G.-h. Xue, and J.-z. Fu, Fabrication of low cost soft tissue prostheses with the desktop 3D printer. Scientific reports, 2014. 4(1): p. 1-7##8-Ramakrishna, Luciano Lamberti, and Catalin I. Pruncu5 29 June 2020 Md Momtazur Rahmana, Md Saiful Islamb,∗, Goh Shu L Development of PLA/CS/ZnO nanocomposites and optimization its mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties.##9-R.C. Nonatoa L.H.I. Meia, B.C. Bonseb, E.F. Chinagliab, A.R. Moralesa Nanocomposites of PLA containing ZnO nanofibers made by solvent cast 3D printing: Production and characterization European Polymer Journal.##10-Santosh Kumara, Balu Krishnakumarb, Abilio J.F.N. Sobralb, Joonseok Koh. Bio-based (chitosan/PVA/ZnO) nanocomposites film: Thermally stable and photoluminescence material for removal of organic dye carbohydrate polymer 205 (2019) 559-556##11-S. R. Jain, K. C. Adiga, “A New Approach to Thermochemical Calculations of Condensed Fuel-Oxidizer Mixtures”, Combustion and Flame, 40, 1981, 71-79.##12-A. S. Mukasyan, P. Epstein, P. Dinka, “Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanomaterials”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31, 2007, 1789-1795.##13-Md Momtazur Rahmana, Md Saiful Islamb,∗, Goh Shu Lic,''Development of PLA/CS/ZnO nanocomposites and optimization its mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties'' journal of Polymer Testing 68 (2018) 302–308##14-C. C. Hwang, T. Y. Wu, “Combustion Synthesis of Nanocrystalline ZNO Powders Using Zinc Nitrate and Glycine as Reactants — Influence of Reactant Composition”, Journal of Materials Science, 39, 2004, 6111 – 6115##15-S. Mohammadian-Gezaz, I. Ghasemi, A.R. Oromiehie, Crystallization Behavior of PA6 in ABS/PA6 Blends Prepared by In Situ Polymerization and Compatibilization Method, Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 22 (2010) 469-482##1-S. T. Aruna, A. S. Mukasyan, “Combustion Synthesis and Nanomaterials”, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 12, 2008, 44–50.##2-A. G. Merzhanov, “Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis”, Chernogolovk: ISMAN, 1989, 91-94##3-A. Bayandori Moghaddam, T. Nazari, J. Badraghi, M. Kazemzad, “Synthesis of ZNO Nanoparticles and Electrodeposition of Polypyrrole/ZNO Nanocomposite Film”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 4, 2009, 247-257.##4-Z. Lin Wang, “Zinc Oxide Nanostructures: Growth, Properties and Applications”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 16, 2004, 829–858.##5-Kobayashi, H. Ikada,Y. Moritera,T. Ogura,Y. Honda,Y. (1991). Collagen-immobilized hydrogel as a material for lamella keratoplasty. Journal of Applied Biomaterials & Functional Materials, 2, 261##6-W.D. Kingery, ceramic fabrication processes (1958)##7-He, Y., G.-h. Xue, and J.-z. Fu, Fabrication of low cost soft tissue prostheses with the desktop 3D printer. Scientific reports, 2014. 4(1): p. 1-7##8-Ramakrishna, Luciano Lamberti, and Catalin I. Pruncu5 29 June 2020 Md Momtazur Rahmana, Md Saiful Islamb,∗, Goh Shu L Development of PLA/CS/ZnO nanocomposites and optimization its mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties.##9-R.C. Nonatoa L.H.I. Meia, B.C. Bonseb, E.F. Chinagliab, A.R. Moralesa Nanocomposites of PLA containing ZnO nanofibers made by solvent cast 3D printing: Production and characterization European Polymer Journal.##10-Santosh Kumara, Balu Krishnakumarb, Abilio J.F.N. Sobralb, Joonseok Koh. Bio-based (chitosan/PVA/ZnO) nanocomposites film: Thermally stable and photoluminescence material for removal of organic dye carbohydrate polymer 205 (2019) 559-556##11-S. R. Jain, K. C. Adiga, “A New Approach to Thermochemical Calculations of Condensed Fuel-Oxidizer Mixtures”, Combustion and Flame, 40, 1981, 71-79.##12-A. S. Mukasyan, P. Epstein, P. Dinka, “Solution Combustion Synthesis of Nanomaterials”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31, 2007, 1789-1795.##13-Md Momtazur Rahmana, Md Saiful Islamb,∗, Goh Shu Lic,''Development of PLA/CS/ZnO nanocomposites and optimization its mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties'' journal of Polymer Testing 68 (2018) 302–308##14-C. C. Hwang, T. Y. Wu, “Combustion Synthesis of Nanocrystalline ZNO Powders Using Zinc Nitrate and Glycine as Reactants — Influence of Reactant Composition”, Journal of Materials Science, 39, 2004, 6111 – 6115##15-S. Mohammadian-Gezaz, I. Ghasemi, A.R. Oromiehie, Crystallization Behavior of PA6 in ABS/PA6 Blends Prepared by In Situ Polymerization and Compatibilization Method, Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 22 (2010) 469-482 ##

بررسی تجربی فرایند پوشش‌دهی با لیزر پودر اینکونل 718 بر روی فولاد H13 Experimental investigation of the laser coating process of the inconel 718 powder on the H13 steel 1 1 در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی پوشش دهی پودر اینکونل 718 بر روی زیرلایه فولاد H13 به روش رسوب مستقیم پودر به کمک لیزر فیبری یک کیلو وات پیوسته پرداخته شده است. بنابراین، اثرات پارامترهای فرایند مانند توان لیزر، نرخ تغذیه پودر و سرعت روبش  لیزری بر مشخصات هندسی پوشش شامل ارتفاع و عرض پوشش بررسی می‌شود. به منظور بررسی جامع‌تر اثر هر یک از پارامترهای ورودی و بر هم کنش آن‌ها بر ارتفاع و عرض پوشش از روش طراحی آزمایش‌ها بر مبنای روش سطح پاسخ استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهند پارامترهای سرعت روبش لیزر و نرخ تغذیه پودر به عنوان عوامل مهم اثرگذار بر ارتفاع پوشش هستند به نحوی که با افزایش نرخ تغذیه پودر و کاهش سرعت روبش لیزری ارتفاع پوشش افزایش پیدا می‌کند. همچنین ثابت می‌شود که با افزایش توان لیزر و کاهش سرعت روبش لیزر عرض پوشش افزایش می‌یابد.    2 In the present research, the coating process of Inconel 718 powder on the H13 steel substrate by direct powder deposition method with the help of 1 KW continuous fiber laser has been investigated. Hence, the effects of process parameters such as laser power, powder feed rate and laser scanning speed on the geometrical characterstics of the clad such as height and width of the clad are examined. In order to perform a comprehensive investigation on the effect of input parameters and their interactions on the height and width of the clad, design of experiment method based on response surface methodology is employed. The results show that the laser scanning speed and powder feed rate are as the important factors affecting the clad height, so that the clad height increases with increasing powder feed rate and decreasing laser scanning rate. Also, it is proved that by increasing the laser power and decreasing the laser scanning speed the width of the clad is increased. 113 125 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/112023/02/282023/03/112023/03/122023/04/242023/03/252023/04/3 1402/1/14 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/262023/04/92023/05/312023/05/312023/05/102023/05/312023/05/31 1402/3/10 مهدی صفری M. Safari دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اراک، اراک، ایران. ایران m.safari@arakut.ac.ir اکبر احدی A. Ahadi دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اراک، اراک، ایران. ایران a.ahadi@arakut.ac.ir Laser coating process Laser power Powder feed rate Laser scanning speed. فرایند پوشش دهی با لیزر توان لیزر نرخ تغذیه پودر سرعت اسکن لیزر. 1- M. N. Fesharaki, R. Shoja-Razavi, H. A. Mansouri, and H. Jamali, "Microstructure investigation of Inconel 625 coating obtained by laser cladding and TIG cladding methods," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 353, pp. 25-31, 2018.##2- K. Luo, X. Xu, Z. Zhao, S. Zhao, Z. Cheng, and J. Lu, "Microstructural evolution and characteristics of bonding zone in multilayer laser cladding of Fe-based coating," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 263, pp. 50-58, 2019.##3- C. Guo, J. Chen, J. Zhou, J. Zhao, L. Wang, Y. Yu, et al., "Effects of WC–Ni content on microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding Ni-based alloys coating," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 206, pp. 2064-2071, 2012.##4- L. De-sheng, C. Ke, F. Xiu-qing, K. Min, H. Zi-xuan, and W. Xian-fa, "Effect of process parameters on microstructure and properties of AlCoCrFeNi-WC-WS2 composite coating prepared by laser cladding, "International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 16, 2021.##5- S. Aghili and M. Shamanian, "Investigation of powder fed laser cladding of NiCr-chromium carbides single-tracks on titanium aluminide substrate," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 119, p. 105652, 2019.##6- P. Kattire, S. Paul, R. Singh, and W. Yan, "Experimental characterization of laser cladding of CPM 9V on H13 tool steel for die repair applications," Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 20, pp. 492-499, 2015.##7- L. Zhu, S. Wang, H. Pan, C. Yuan, and X. Chen, "Research on remanufacturing strategy for 45 steel gear using H13 steel powder based on laser cladding technology," Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 49, pp. 344, 2020.##8- Y. Javid, "Multi-response optimization in laser cladding process of WC powder on Inconel 718," CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol. 31, pp. 406-417, 2020.##9- A. Khorram, A. D. Jamaloei, M. Paidar, and X. Cao, "Laser cladding of Inconel 718 with 75Cr3C2+ 25 (80Ni20Cr) powder: Statistical modeling and optimization," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 378, p. 124933, 2019.##10- C. Y. Cui, X. G. Cui, Y. K. Zhang, Q. Zhao, and J. Z. Lu, "Study on the Properties of the Laser Cladded Cobalt-Based Alloy Coating on T10 Tool Steel," in Key Engineering Materials, 2011, pp. 686-689.##11- D. Verdi, M. Garrido, C. J. Múnez, and P. Poza, "Cr3C2 incorporation into an Inconel 625 laser cladded coating: effects on matrix microstructure, mechanical properties and local scratch resistance," Materials & Design, vol. 67, pp. 20-27, 2015.##12- Q. Wu, W. Li, N. Zhong, W. Gang, and W. Haishan, "Microstructure and wear behavior of laser cladding VC–Cr7C3 ceramic coating on steel substrate," Materials & design, vol. 49, pp. 10-18, 2013.##13- A. Gowtham, G. Chaitanya, J. K. Katiyar, A. Chandak, and T. Gupta, "Experimental Investigations on laser cladding of NiCrBSi+ WC Coating on SS410," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 27, pp. 1984-1989, 2020.##14- M. Alizadeh-Sh, S. Marashi, E. Ranjbarnodeh, and R. Shoja-Razavi, "Laser cladding of Inconel 718 powder on a non-weldable substrate: Clad bead geometry-solidification cracking relationship," Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 56, pp. 54, 2020.##15- R. Saeedi, R. S. Razavi, S. R. Bakhshi, M. Erfanmanesh, and A. A. Bani, "Optimization and characterization of laser cladding of NiCr and NiCr–TiC composite coatings on AISI 420 stainless steel," Ceramics International, vol. 47, pp. 4097, 2021. ##16- A. H. Habibi, R. S. Razavi, G. H. Borhani, and M. Erfanmanesh, "Effect of Argon Shroud Protection on the Laser Cladding of Nanostructured WC-12Co Powder," Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, pp. 1-8, 2021.##17- Kazemi S, Khalaf G, Afsari A, Marzban M. Investigation of Mechanical Properties in Welding of Stainless Steel SA240-TP316 and Steel SA516-GR60 Cladded with Stainless Steel SA240-TP316. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 2023; 8 (2) :53-68##18- Borhani M, Shoja Razavi S, Kermani F, Erfan Manesh M, Barekat S, Naderi Samani H et al . Investigating the microstructure and hardness of 17-4PH steel and Stellite cladded by direct laser deposition process on 17-4PH steel substrate. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 2023; 8 (2) :69-81##1- M. N. Fesharaki, R. Shoja-Razavi, H. A. Mansouri, and H. Jamali, "Microstructure investigation of Inconel 625 coating obtained by laser cladding and TIG cladding methods," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 353, pp. 25-31, 2018.##2- K. Luo, X. Xu, Z. Zhao, S. Zhao, Z. Cheng, and J. Lu, "Microstructural evolution and characteristics of bonding zone in multilayer laser cladding of Fe-based coating," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 263, pp. 50-58, 2019.##3- C. Guo, J. Chen, J. Zhou, J. Zhao, L. Wang, Y. Yu, et al., "Effects of WC–Ni content on microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding Ni-based alloys coating," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 206, pp. 2064-2071, 2012.##4- L. De-sheng, C. Ke, F. Xiu-qing, K. Min, H. Zi-xuan, and W. Xian-fa, "Effect of process parameters on microstructure and properties of AlCoCrFeNi-WC-WS2 composite coating prepared by laser cladding, "International Journal of Electrochemical Science, vol. 16, 2021.##5- S. Aghili and M. Shamanian, "Investigation of powder fed laser cladding of NiCr-chromium carbides single-tracks on titanium aluminide substrate," Optics & Laser Technology, vol. 119, p. 105652, 2019.##6- P. Kattire, S. Paul, R. Singh, and W. Yan, "Experimental characterization of laser cladding of CPM 9V on H13 tool steel for die repair applications," Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 20, pp. 492-499, 2015.##7- L. Zhu, S. Wang, H. Pan, C. Yuan, and X. Chen, "Research on remanufacturing strategy for 45 steel gear using H13 steel powder based on laser cladding technology," Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 49, pp. 344, 2020.##8- Y. Javid, "Multi-response optimization in laser cladding process of WC powder on Inconel 718," CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol. 31, pp. 406-417, 2020.##9- A. Khorram, A. D. Jamaloei, M. Paidar, and X. Cao, "Laser cladding of Inconel 718 with 75Cr3C2+ 25 (80Ni20Cr) powder: Statistical modeling and optimization," Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 378, p. 124933, 2019.##10- C. Y. Cui, X. G. Cui, Y. K. Zhang, Q. Zhao, and J. Z. Lu, "Study on the Properties of the Laser Cladded Cobalt-Based Alloy Coating on T10 Tool Steel," in Key Engineering Materials, 2011, pp. 686-689.##11- D. Verdi, M. Garrido, C. J. Múnez, and P. Poza, "Cr3C2 incorporation into an Inconel 625 laser cladded coating: effects on matrix microstructure, mechanical properties and local scratch resistance," Materials & Design, vol. 67, pp. 20-27, 2015.##12- Q. Wu, W. Li, N. Zhong, W. Gang, and W. Haishan, "Microstructure and wear behavior of laser cladding VC–Cr7C3 ceramic coating on steel substrate," Materials & design, vol. 49, pp. 10-18, 2013.##13- A. Gowtham, G. Chaitanya, J. K. Katiyar, A. Chandak, and T. Gupta, "Experimental Investigations on laser cladding of NiCrBSi+ WC Coating on SS410," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 27, pp. 1984-1989, 2020.##14- M. Alizadeh-Sh, S. Marashi, E. Ranjbarnodeh, and R. Shoja-Razavi, "Laser cladding of Inconel 718 powder on a non-weldable substrate: Clad bead geometry-solidification cracking relationship," Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 56, pp. 54, 2020.##15- R. Saeedi, R. S. Razavi, S. R. Bakhshi, M. Erfanmanesh, and A. A. Bani, "Optimization and characterization of laser cladding of NiCr and NiCr–TiC composite coatings on AISI 420 stainless steel," Ceramics International, vol. 47, pp. 4097, 2021. ##16- A. H. Habibi, R. S. Razavi, G. H. Borhani, and M. Erfanmanesh, "Effect of Argon Shroud Protection on the Laser Cladding of Nanostructured WC-12Co Powder," Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, pp. 1-8, 2021.##17- Kazemi S, Khalaf G, Afsari A, Marzban M. Investigation of Mechanical Properties in Welding of Stainless Steel SA240-TP316 and Steel SA516-GR60 Cladded with Stainless Steel SA240-TP316. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 2023; 8 (2) :53-68##18- Borhani M, Shoja Razavi S, Kermani F, Erfan Manesh M, Barekat S, Naderi Samani H et al . Investigating the microstructure and hardness of 17-4PH steel and Stellite cladded by direct laser deposition process on 17-4PH steel substrate. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran, 2023; 8 (2) :69-81 ##

جلوگیری از تشکیل ترک با تنظیم مقدار آلومینیم در آلیاژ آنتروپی بالای AlxCoCrFeNi روکش‌دهی شده با فرایند GTAW Crack prevention by adjusting aluminum concentration in GTAW cladded AlxCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy 1 1 در پژوهش حاضر دو آلیاژ آنتروپی بالای AlCoCrFeNi (Al1) و Al0.7CoCrFeNi (Al0.7) با فرایند جوشکاری قوسی تنگستن با گاز محافظ آرگون در شدت جریان جوشکاری A  180 و سرعت جوشکاری1/4mm/s  بر روی فولاد ساده کربنی روکش‌دهی شد. برای مطالعه ریزساختار و شناسایی نوع ترک‌ها هم‌چنین ترکیب فازی و سختی روکش‌ها از میکروسکوپ نوری، میکروسکوپ الکترون روبشی نشر میدانی، پراش‌سنجی اشعه ایکس و ریزسختی سنجی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که روکش Al1 دارای ساختار گلبرگی متشکل از فاز BCC همراه با فاز غنی از Cr بر روی مرزدانه‌ها است. در آلیاژ Al0.7 با مقدار Al کمتر، فاز غنی از Cr حذف شده و بجای آن فاز جدید با شبکه کریستالی FCC در انواع ویدمن اشتاتن و دندریتی تشکیل می‌شود. در آلیاژ Al1 هر دو نوع ترک‌های مرزدانه‌ای و درون‌دانه‌ای ایجاد شده از نوع ترک انجمادی تشخیص داده شدند. هم‌چنین تنش‌های حرارتی و ترد بودن فاز BCC به عنوان عوامل افزایش حساسیت به ترک تعیین شد.در آلیاژ Al0.7 ترکیبی از عواملی نظیر کاهش دامنه انجماد، تشکیل فاز FCC در مورفولوژی دندریتی و کاهش سختی در نتیجه کاهش مقدار Al، به عنوان عوامل حذف ترک در آلیاژ شناسایی شد.   2 In this study, gas-tungsten arc welding was used for the cladding of two high entropy alloys of AlCoCrFeNi (Al1) and Al0.7CoCrFeNi (Al0.7) onto plain carbon steel plates. The welding process was carried out at a welding current of 180 A and a welding speed of 1.4 mm/s. The microstructures, craking behavior, phase composition, and hardness of the clads were characterized using various methods, such as optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analysis, and microhardness measurements. The results indicated that the Al1 clad had a petal-like structure of the BCC and Cr-rich phases. Both intergranular and transgranular cracks were identified in the Al1 alloy, which were recognized to be solidification cracks. Thermal stress and brittleness of the BCC phase promote cracking of the Al1. On the other hand, in the Al0.7 alloy, in addition to the BCC phase, a new FCC phase was  formed with various Widmanstatten and dendritic morphologies in the clad microstructure and the Cr-rich phase was not observed. Furthermore, in this alloy with lower Al content, a crack-free clad was obtained. The crack prevention in the Al0.7 alloy was attributed to a combination of factors, including a decrease in the solidification range, formation of the FCC phase, and reduction in hardness. 127 136 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/112023/02/282023/03/112023/03/122023/04/242023/03/252023/04/32023/03/11 1401/12/20 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/262023/04/92023/05/312023/05/312023/05/102023/05/312023/05/312023/05/31 1402/3/10 نیما عباسیان وردین N. Abbasian Vardin دانشکده مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی سهند، تبریز، ایران. ایران abbasian.sut@gmail.com توحید سعید T. Saeid دانشکده مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی سهند، تبریز، ایران. ایران saeid@sut.ac.ir علیرضا اکبری A. R. Akbari دانشکده مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی سهند، تبریز، ایران. ایران akbari@sut.ac.ir High entropy alloy Cladding Gas tungsten arc welding Solidification cracking. آلیاژ آنتروپی بالا روکش‌دهی جوشکاری قوسی تنگستن با گاز محافظ ترک انجمادی. 1- رسولی. ا و رفیعی. م، " ارزیابی خواص اتصال غیر مشابه فولاد زنگ‌نزن آستنیتی AISI316 به فولاد زنگ‌نزن فریتی AISI430 جوشکاری شده توسط فرایند GTAW" نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 4، شماره2، ص ص 111-126، زمستان 1397.##2- ذاکری. م.ه، نصر اصفهانی. ع و برکت. س.م، "روکش کاری لیزری اینکونل 625 بر روی فولاد "A575, نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 7، شماره2،103-112، زمستان1400.##3-Donachie, M. J., & Donachie, S. J, "Superalloys: a technical guide," ASM international, 2002.##4-Cantor, B., Chang, I. T. H., Knight, P., & Vincent, A. J. B, "Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 375, pp. 213-218, 2004. ##5-عمادی. م، مستعان. ح و رفیعی. م، "ارزیابی ریزساختار و رفتار خوردگی اتصالات غیرمشابه لیزری سوپر آلیاژ پایه نیکل 625 به فولاد زنگ‌نزن فریتی "AISI430نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 5، شماره2، 103-121، زمستان 1398.##6-Tian, F., Wang, Y., Irving, D. L., & Vitos, L, "High-Entropy Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications," 2016. ##7-Li, J., Huang, Y., Meng, X., & Xie, Y, "A review on high entropy alloys coatings: fabrication processes and property assessment," Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 21, no. 8, p. 1900343, 2019.##8-Badheka, V. J., Gadakh, V. S., Shinde, V. B., & Bhati, G, "GTAW Application for Additive Manufacturing and Cladding of Steel Alloys," in Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices: Applications of Industry 4.0: Springer, 2021, pp. 1-21.##9-Mishra, R. S., Haridas, R. S., & Agrawal, P, "High entropy alloys–Tunability of deformation mechanisms through integration of compositional and microstructural domains," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 812, p. 141085, 2021.##10-Gopinath, V. M., & Arulvel, S, "A review on the steels, alloys/high entropy alloys, composites and coatings used in high temperature wear applications," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 43, pp. 817-823, 2021. ##11-Geng, Y., Tan, H., Cheng, J., Chen, J., Sun, Q., Zhu, S., & Yang, J., "Microstructure, mechanical and vacuum high temperature tribological properties of AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy based solid-lubricating composites," Tribology International, vol. 151, p. 106444, 2020.##12-Wei, C. B., Du, X. H., Lu, Y. P., Jiang, H., Li, T. J., & Wang, T. M, "Novel as-cast AlCrFe2Ni2Ti05 high-entropy alloy with excellent mechanical properties," International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1312-1317, 2020. ##13- Zhu, J., Lu, S., Jin, Y., Xu, L., Xu, X., Yin, C., & Jia, Y., "High-Temperature Oxidation Behaviours of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy at 1073–1273 K," Oxidation of Metals, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 265-281, 2020. ##14- Garg, M., Grewal, H. S., Sharma, R. K., & Arora, H. S, "Enhanced oxidation resistance of ultrafine-grain microstructure AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy," ACS omega, vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 12589-12600, 2022. ##15- Karbasian M, Adabavazeh N, Nikbakht M. Presenting a model for assessing the risk of welding cracks using the ّFBWM method. Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran 2022; 7 (2) :139-150##16-Ye, F., Jiao, Z., Yan, S., Guo, L., Feng, L., & Yu, J, "Microbeam plasma arc remanufacturing: Effects of Al on microstructure, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high temperature oxidation resistance of AlxCoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy cladding layer," Vacuum, vol. 174, p. 109178, 2020. ##17- Fan, Q., Chen, C., Fan, C., Liu, Z., Cai, X., Lin, S., & Yang, C, "AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coatings prepared by gas tungsten arc cladding: Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties," Intermetallics, vol. 138, p. 107337, 2021. ##18- اسدی. س، سعید. ت، والانژاد ع و خلیل علافی. ج "جوشکاری لیزر غیرهم‌جنس سیم‌های ارتودنسی آلیاژ حافظه‌دار NiTi به فولاد‌زنگ‌نزن آستنیتی"نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 5، شماره2، 135-146، زمستان 1398.##19-عباسیان. ن، سعید. ت و اکبری. ا، " ریزساختار روکش آنتروپی بالای Al0.7CoCrFeNi حاصل از جوشکاری قوسی تنگستن با گاز محافظ (GTAW)"، دومین کنفرانس بین المللی کاربرد مواد و ساخت پیشرفته در صنایع، تیرماه 1401.##20-Kou, S, "Welding metallurgy," New Jersey, USA, vol. 431, no. 446, pp. 223-225, 2003.##21-Wang, W. R., Wang, W. L., Wang, S. C., Tsai, Y. C., Lai, C. H., & Yeh, J. W, "Effects of Al addition on the microstructure and mechanical property of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys," Intermetallics, vol. 26, pp. 44-51, 2012. ##22-Wang, W. R., Wang, W. L., & Yeh, J. W, "Phases, microstructure and mechanical properties of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys at elevated temperatures," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 589, pp. 143-152, 2014.##23-Lippold, J. C, Welding metallurgy and weldability. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. ##24-Murty, B. S., Yeh, J. W., Ranganathan, S., & Bhattacharjee, P. P, High-entropy alloys. Elsevier, 2019. ##25-Ghassemali, E., Sonkusare, R., Biswas, K., & Gurao, N. P, "In-situ study of crack initiation and propagation in a dual phase AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 710, pp. 539-546, 2017.##1- رسولی. ا و رفیعی. م، " ارزیابی خواص اتصال غیر مشابه فولاد زنگ‌نزن آستنیتی AISI316 به فولاد زنگ‌نزن فریتی AISI430 جوشکاری شده توسط فرایند GTAW" نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 4، شماره2، ص ص 111-126، زمستان 1397.##2- ذاکری. م.ه، نصر اصفهانی. ع و برکت. س.م، "روکش کاری لیزری اینکونل 625 بر روی فولاد "A575, نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 7، شماره2،103-112، زمستان1400.##3-Donachie, M. J., & Donachie, S. J, "Superalloys: a technical guide," ASM international, 2002.##4-Cantor, B., Chang, I. T. H., Knight, P., & Vincent, A. J. B, "Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 375, pp. 213-218, 2004. ##5-عمادی. م، مستعان. ح و رفیعی. م، "ارزیابی ریزساختار و رفتار خوردگی اتصالات غیرمشابه لیزری سوپر آلیاژ پایه نیکل 625 به فولاد زنگ‌نزن فریتی "AISI430نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 5، شماره2، 103-121، زمستان 1398.##6-Tian, F., Wang, Y., Irving, D. L., & Vitos, L, "High-Entropy Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications," 2016. ##7-Li, J., Huang, Y., Meng, X., & Xie, Y, "A review on high entropy alloys coatings: fabrication processes and property assessment," Advanced Engineering Materials, vol. 21, no. 8, p. 1900343, 2019.##8-Badheka, V. J., Gadakh, V. S., Shinde, V. B., & Bhati, G, "GTAW Application for Additive Manufacturing and Cladding of Steel Alloys," in Handbook of Smart Materials, Technologies, and Devices: Applications of Industry 4.0: Springer, 2021, pp. 1-21.##9-Mishra, R. S., Haridas, R. S., & Agrawal, P, "High entropy alloys–Tunability of deformation mechanisms through integration of compositional and microstructural domains," Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 812, p. 141085, 2021.##10-Gopinath, V. M., & Arulvel, S, "A review on the steels, alloys/high entropy alloys, composites and coatings used in high temperature wear applications," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 43, pp. 817-823, 2021. ##11-Geng, Y., Tan, H., Cheng, J., Chen, J., Sun, Q., Zhu, S., & Yang, J., "Microstructure, mechanical and vacuum high temperature tribological properties of AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy based solid-lubricating composites," Tribology International, vol. 151, p. 106444, 2020.##12-Wei, C. B., Du, X. H., Lu, Y. P., Jiang, H., Li, T. J., & Wang, T. M, "Novel as-cast AlCrFe2Ni2Ti05 high-entropy alloy with excellent mechanical properties," International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1312-1317, 2020. ##13- Zhu, J., Lu, S., Jin, Y., Xu, L., Xu, X., Yin, C., & Jia, Y., "High-Temperature Oxidation Behaviours of AlCoCrFeNi High-Entropy Alloy at 1073–1273 K," Oxidation of Metals, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 265-281, 2020. ##14- Garg, M., Grewal, H. S., Sharma, R. K., & Arora, H. S, "Enhanced oxidation resistance of ultrafine-grain microstructure AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy," ACS omega, vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 12589-12600, 2022. ##15- کرباسیان. م، ادب آوازه. ن و نیکبخت. م، "ارایه مدل ارزیابی ریسک ترک فلزجوش با تکنیک FBWM"، نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 7، شماره2،150-139،زمستان 1400.##16-Ye, F., Jiao, Z., Yan, S., Guo, L., Feng, L., & Yu, J, "Microbeam plasma arc remanufacturing: Effects of Al on microstructure, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high temperature oxidation resistance of AlxCoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy cladding layer," Vacuum, vol. 174, p. 109178, 2020. ##17- Fan, Q., Chen, C., Fan, C., Liu, Z., Cai, X., Lin, S., & Yang, C, "AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy coatings prepared by gas tungsten arc cladding: Microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties," Intermetallics, vol. 138, p. 107337, 2021. ##18- اسدی. س، سعید. ت، والانژاد ع و خلیل علافی. ج "جوشکاری لیزر غیرهم‌جنس سیم‌های ارتودنسی آلیاژ حافظه‌دار NiTi به فولاد‌زنگ‌نزن آستنیتی"نشریه علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران، سال 5، شماره2، 135-146، زمستان 1398.##19-عباسیان. ن، سعید. ت و اکبری. ا، " ریزساختار روکش آنتروپی بالای Al0.7CoCrFeNi حاصل از جوشکاری قوسی تنگستن با گاز محافظ (GTAW)"، دومین کنفرانس بین المللی کاربرد مواد و ساخت پیشرفته در صنایع، تیرماه 1401.##20-Kou, S, "Welding metallurgy," New Jersey, USA, vol. 431, no. 446, pp. 223-225, 2003.##21-Wang, W. R., Wang, W. L., Wang, S. C., Tsai, Y. C., Lai, C. H., & Yeh, J. W, "Effects of Al addition on the microstructure and mechanical property of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys," Intermetallics, vol. 26, pp. 44-51, 2012. ##22-Wang, W. R., Wang, W. L., & Yeh, J. W, "Phases, microstructure and mechanical properties of AlxCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys at elevated temperatures," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 589, pp. 143-152, 2014.##23-Lippold, J. C, Welding metallurgy and weldability. John Wiley & Sons, 2014. ##24-Murty, B. S., Yeh, J. W., Ranganathan, S., & Bhattacharjee, P. P, High-entropy alloys. Elsevier, 2019. ##25-Ghassemali, E., Sonkusare, R., Biswas, K., & Gurao, N. P, "In-situ study of crack initiation and propagation in a dual phase AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 710, pp. 539-546, 2017. ##

بررسی ریزساختار انجمادی سوپرآلیاژ IN625 لایه‌نشانی شده روی IN713LC توسط فرایند رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری Investigating the solidification microstructure of IN625 superalloy cladded by direct laser deposition process on IN713LC 1 1 سوپرآلیاژ اینکونل ۷۱۳LC یکی از آلیاژهای پرکاربرد دمای بالا است و به‌دلیل میزان بالای فاز گاماپرایم ناشی از غلطت Ti و Al بیشتر از یک مقدار بحرانی، این آلیاژ ازجمله آلیاژهای جوش ناپذیر محسوب می‌شود. یکی از روش‌های اساسی تعمیرات این سری از سوپرآلیاژها روش‌های روکش‌کاری لیزری می‌باشد؛ در این پژوهش زیرلایه IN713LC  با پودر اینکونل 625  توسط سیستم رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری بازسازی شد. جهت مشخصه‌یابی آزمون‌های میکروسکپی نوری و الکترونی، تخلخل‌سنجی، و پراش پرتوایکس انجام‌شد؛ نتایج نشان داد در سرعت‌های بالای روکش‌کاری لیزری میزان R (نرخ رشد نوک دندریت) افزایش می‌یابد، در نتیجه نسبت G/R (مادون انجماد ترکیبی) کاهش می‌یابد و ساختار به سمت دندریتی هم‌محور میل می‌کند. به همین دلیل با افزایش سرعت روبش‌لیزر از 4 به 6 میلی‌متر بر ثانیه، ساختار دندریتی هم‌محور افزایش می‌یابد. نتایج سختی سنجی حاکی از کاهش سختی تا منطقه فصل مشترک از 430 به 370 ویکرز و نوسانات در حدود 50 ویکرز می‌باشد. به‌دلیل سرعت انجماد بالا، میانگین فاصله بین بازوهای ثانویه 8/0 در پایین، 01/1 در میانه و 75/1میکرومتر در بالای نمونه به‌دست آمد. به‌دلیل سرعت بالای سردشدن تنها کاربیدها و فاز لاوه تشکیل شده است. همچنین نتایج تخلخل سنجی روکش نشان‌دهنده تخلخل حداکثر 1/0 درصد است. 2 Inconel 713LC super alloy is one of the most widely used high-temperature alloys. Due to the high level of gamma prime phase caused by Ti and Al alloy more than a critical value, this alloy is considered as one of the non-weldable alloys. One of the basic repair methods of this series of superalloys is laser cladding methods. In this research, the IN713LC  substrate was reconstructed with Inconel 625 powder by a direct laser deposition system. To characterize, optical and electron microscopy tests, porosity measurement, and XRD were carried out; The results showed that the R (growth rate of the dendrite tip) increases at high speeds of laser cladding; as a result, the G/R (combined solidification point) ratio decreases, and the structure tends towards the coaxial dendritic direction. For this reason, by increasing the speed of laser scanning from 4 to 6 mm/s, the coaxial dendritic structure increases. The hardness measurement results indicate a decrease in the hardness up to the junction area from 430 to 370 Vickers and fluctuations of about 50 Vickers. Due to the high solidification speed, the average distance between the secondary dendritic arm space was 0.8 at the bottom, 1.01 in the middle, and 1.75 micrometers at the top of the sample. Due to the high cooling speed, only carbides and lava phases are formed. Also, the porosity measurement results of the cladding indicate a maximum porosity of 0.1 percent. 137 149 2023/02/132023/02/152023/02/282023/03/112023/02/282023/03/112023/03/122023/04/242023/03/252023/04/32023/03/112023/03/13 1401/12/22 2023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/03/262023/04/92023/05/312023/05/312023/05/102023/05/312023/05/312023/05/312023/05/31 1402/3/10 محمدرضا برهانی M.R. Borhani دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت. ایران moh_borhani@mut.ac.ir سید رضا شجاع رضوی S.R Shoja-razavi دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت. ایران shoja_r@yahoo.com محمد عرفان‌منش M. Erfanmanesh دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت. ایران fkermani@mut.ac.ir فرید کرمانی F. Kermani Faculty of Material & Manufacturing Technologies, Malek Ashtar University of Technology. ایران masoodbarekat@yahoo.com سید مسعود برکت S.M. Barekat دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، مجتمع دانشگاهی مواد و فناوری‌های ساخت. ایران erfanmanesh92@gmail.com Weldability Rebuilding Inconel 713LC Inconel 625 Direct laser deposition. جوش‌پذیری بازسازی اینکونل LC ۷۱۳ اینکونل 625 رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری 1-شجاع رضوی، س.ر.، روکش‌کاری لیزری، انتشارات دانشگاه دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، 1395.##2- شجاع‌رضوی، س.ر. عرفان منش، م.، برکت،س.م.، احمدی پیرانی، ر.، احمدی بنی، ا.، جمالی،ح.، ساخت افزایشی با رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری، انتشارات دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر 1398.##3-Zupanic, F., Boncina, T., Krizman, A., & Tichelaar, F. D. (2001). Structure of continuously cast Ni-based superalloy Inconel 713C. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 329(1-2), 290-297.##4-Pollock, T. M., & Tin, S. (2006). Nickel-based superalloys for advanced turbine engines: chemistry, microstructure and properties. Journal of propulsion and power, 22(2), 361-374.‌##5-Ojo, O. A., Ding, R. G., & Chaturvedi, M. C. (2006). Heat affected zone microfissuring in a laser beam welded directionally solidified Ni3Al-base alloy. Scripta materialia, 54(12), 2131-2136.‌##6-Lachowicz, M., Dudziński, W., Haimann, K., & Podrez-Radziszewska, M. (2008). Microstructure transformations and cracking in the matrix of γ–γ′ superalloy Inconel 713C melted with electron beam. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 479(1-2), 269-276.‌##7-Salk, N., & Schaneider, S. (2011). Metal injection moulding of Inconel 713C for turbocharger applications. Powder Injection Moulding International, 5(3), 17-26.‌##8-Kunz, L., Lukáš, P., & Konecna, R. (2008). Fatigue properties of superalloy IN 713LC and relation to microstructure. Materials Science, 14(3), 221-225.‌##9-Abedi, H. R., & Ojo, O. A. (2022). Enhanced resistance to gas tungsten arc weld heat-affected zone cracking in a newly developed Co-based superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 851, 143618.‌##10-Kvapilova, M., Kral, P., Dvorak, J., & Sklenicka, V. (2021). High Temperature Creep Behaviour of Cast Nickel-Based Superalloys INC 713 LC, B1914 and MAR-M247. Metals, 11(1), 152.##3. 11-Han, Z. Y., Zhang, P. X., Lei, L. M., Liang, S. J., Wang, Q. X., Lai, Y. J., & Li, J. S. (2020). Morphology and particle analysis of the Ni3Al-based spherical powders manufactured by supreme-speed plasma rotating electrode process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(6), 13937-13944.‌##4. 12-Rong, P., Wang, N., Wang, L., Yang, R. N., & Yao, W. J. (2016). The influence of grain boundary angle on the hot cracking of single crystal uperalloy DD6. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 676, 181-186.‌##5. 13-Lachowicz, M., Dudziński, W., & Podrez-Radziszewska, M. (2008). TEM observation of the heat-affected zone in electron beam welded superalloy Inconel 713C. Materials characterization, 59(5), 560-566.‌##14-Thivillon, L., Bertrand, P., Laget, B., & Smurov, I. (2009). Potential of direct metal deposition technology for manufacturing thick functionally graded coatings and parts for reactors components. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 385(2), 236-241.##6. 15-Dinda, G. P., Dasgupta, A. K., & Mazumder, J. (2009). Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: Microstructural evolution and thermal stability. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 509(1-2), 98-104.‌##16-Dinda, G. P., Dasgupta, A. K., & Mazumder, J. (2009). Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: Microstructural evolution and thermal stability. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 509(1-2), 98-104.‌##17-Kästner, C., Neugebauer, M., Schricker, K., & Bergmann, J. P. (2020). Strategies for increasing the productivity of pulsed laser cladding of hot-crack susceptible nickel-base superalloy Inconel 738 LC. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 4(3), 84.‌##18-Reed, R. C. (2008). The superalloys: fundamentals and applications. Cambridge university press.‌##19-عمادی، محمد، مستعان، رفیعی. (2020). ارزیابی ریزساختار ورفتار خوردگی اتصالات غیر مشابه لیزری سوپرآلیاژ پایه نیکل 625به فولاد زنگ نزن فریتی 430. مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران, 5(2), 103-121.##20-ذاکری، نصر اصفهانی، برکت. (2022). روکش کاری لیزری اینکونل 625 بر روی فولاد A575. مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران, 7(2), 103-112.##21-Khorram, A., Jamaloei, A. D., & Sepehrnia, R. (2022). Analysis of solidification crack behavior for Amdry 997 coating on Inconel 713 LC superalloy by laser cladding process. Optik, 264, 169407.‌##22-Khorram, A. (2021). Microstructural evolution of laser clad Stellite 31 powder on Inconel 713 LC superalloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 423, 127633.‌##1-شجاع رضوی، س.ر.، روکش‌کاری لیزری، انتشارات دانشگاه دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر، 1395.##2- شجاع‌رضوی، س.ر. عرفان منش، م.، برکت،س.م.، احمدی پیرانی، ر.، احمدی بنی، ا.، جمالی،ح.، ساخت افزایشی با رسوب‌نشانی مستقیم لیزری، انتشارات دانشگاه صنعتی مالک اشتر 1398.##3-Zupanic, F., Boncina, T., Krizman, A., & Tichelaar, F. D. (2001). Structure of continuously cast Ni-based superalloy Inconel 713C. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 329(1-2), 290-297.##4-Pollock, T. M., & Tin, S. (2006). Nickel-based superalloys for advanced turbine engines: chemistry, microstructure and properties. Journal of propulsion and power, 22(2), 361-374.‌##5-Ojo, O. A., Ding, R. G., & Chaturvedi, M. C. (2006). Heat affected zone microfissuring in a laser beam welded directionally solidified Ni3Al-base alloy. Scripta materialia, 54(12), 2131-2136.‌##6-Lachowicz, M., Dudziński, W., Haimann, K., & Podrez-Radziszewska, M. (2008). Microstructure transformations and cracking in the matrix of γ–γ′ superalloy Inconel 713C melted with electron beam. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 479(1-2), 269-276.‌##7-Salk, N., & Schaneider, S. (2011). Metal injection moulding of Inconel 713C for turbocharger applications. Powder Injection Moulding International, 5(3), 17-26.‌##8-Kunz, L., Lukáš, P., & Konecna, R. (2008). Fatigue properties of superalloy IN 713LC and relation to microstructure. Materials Science, 14(3), 221-225.‌##9-Abedi, H. R., & Ojo, O. A. (2022). Enhanced resistance to gas tungsten arc weld heat-affected zone cracking in a newly developed Co-based superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 851, 143618.‌##10-Kvapilova, M., Kral, P., Dvorak, J., & Sklenicka, V. (2021). High Temperature Creep Behaviour of Cast Nickel-Based Superalloys INC 713 LC, B1914 and MAR-M247. Metals, 11(1), 152.##3. 11-Han, Z. Y., Zhang, P. X., Lei, L. M., Liang, S. J., Wang, Q. X., Lai, Y. J., & Li, J. S. (2020). Morphology and particle analysis of the Ni3Al-based spherical powders manufactured by supreme-speed plasma rotating electrode process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(6), 13937-13944.‌##4. 12-Rong, P., Wang, N., Wang, L., Yang, R. N., & Yao, W. J. (2016). The influence of grain boundary angle on the hot cracking of single crystal uperalloy DD6. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 676, 181-186.‌##5. 13-Lachowicz, M., Dudziński, W., & Podrez-Radziszewska, M. (2008). TEM observation of the heat-affected zone in electron beam welded superalloy Inconel 713C. Materials characterization, 59(5), 560-566.‌##14-Thivillon, L., Bertrand, P., Laget, B., & Smurov, I. (2009). Potential of direct metal deposition technology for manufacturing thick functionally graded coatings and parts for reactors components. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 385(2), 236-241.##6. 15-Dinda, G. P., Dasgupta, A. K., & Mazumder, J. (2009). Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: Microstructural evolution and thermal stability. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 509(1-2), 98-104.‌##16-Dinda, G. P., Dasgupta, A. K., & Mazumder, J. (2009). Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625 superalloy: Microstructural evolution and thermal stability. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 509(1-2), 98-104.‌##17-Kästner, C., Neugebauer, M., Schricker, K., & Bergmann, J. P. (2020). Strategies for increasing the productivity of pulsed laser cladding of hot-crack susceptible nickel-base superalloy Inconel 738 LC. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 4(3), 84.‌##18-Reed, R. C. (2008). The superalloys: fundamentals and applications. Cambridge university press.‌##19-عمادی، محمد، مستعان، رفیعی. (2020). ارزیابی ریزساختار ورفتار خوردگی اتصالات غیر مشابه لیزری سوپرآلیاژ پایه نیکل 625به فولاد زنگ نزن فریتی 430. مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران, 5(2), 103-121.##20-ذاکری، نصر اصفهانی، برکت. (2022). روکش کاری لیزری اینکونل 625 بر روی فولاد A575. مجله علمی-پژوهشی علوم و فناوری جوشکاری ایران, 7(2), 103-112.##21-Khorram, A., Jamaloei, A. D., & Sepehrnia, R. (2022). Analysis of solidification crack behavior for Amdry 997 coating on Inconel 713 LC superalloy by laser cladding process. Optik, 264, 169407.‌##22-Khorram, A. (2021). Microstructural evolution of laser clad Stellite 31 powder on Inconel 713 LC superalloy. Surface and Coatings Technology, 423, 127633.‌ ##