@article{ author = {Safari, M. and Dehfouli, I.}, title = {Experimental investigation, statistical analysis, and optimization of the selective laser melting process for the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V}, abstract ={In this study, components made of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V are produced using the selective laser melting process. Additionally, effects of laser power, laser scanning speed, and the amount of overlap between adjacent layers on the surface roughness of produced parts are investigated using design of experiment method based on response surface methodology. The results indicate that surface roughness of components created by selective laser melting process first decreases with an increase in laser power and then increases with further increases in laser power. Moreover, increasing the laser scanning speed leads to an increase in surface roughness of produced components. Furthermore, as the overlap of adjacent layers increases, the roughness of produced parts initially decreases and then increases. To achieve components with the least surface roughness, optimization of the process input parameters was conducted, revealing that with a laser power of 150 watts, a laser scanning speed of 500 mm/s, and an overlap amount of 67.8 microns, components made from the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V can be produced with a minimum surface roughness of 1.44 microns using the selective laser melting process.}, Keywords = {Selective laser melting process, Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, Surface roughness.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.14}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-487-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-487-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Rahimi, A. and Yazdizadeh, M. and VatanAra, M. and Pouranvari, M.}, title = {Assessment of CMT and GMAW in WAAM of austenitic stainless steel 310: mitigating hot cracking and improving mechanical properties}, abstract ={Wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a prominent technique for producing large metallic components due to its high deposition rate. Utilizing austenitic stainless steels in this process not only reduces production costs but also provides greater design freedom. Among these steels, SS310, known as heat-resistant steel in the industry, offers excellent oxidation resistance and high-temperature performance. However, it is highly susceptible to hot cracking during welding and additive manufacturing processes. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of SS310 fabricated using WAAM with Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) and Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) processes were compared. The results revealed that the CMT process, due to its lower heat input, effectively reduces the susceptibility of SS310 to hot cracking compared to the GMAW process. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting an appropriate process to achieve high-quality components and minimize structural defects.}, Keywords = {Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing, CMT, GMAW, Stainless Steel, Mechanical Properties, Microstructure.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-20}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.15}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-493-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-493-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Bashirzadeh, F. and Saeid, T.}, title = {Investigation on using Cu, Zn and α-brass interlayers in ultrasonic welding of CP-Ti to St12}, abstract ={Unlike conventional welding methods, joining titanium alloys to steels using ultrasonic welding does not result in the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds and high torsion, causing a reduction in the mechanical properties of the joint. Ultrasonic welding of the St12-CP.Ti samples was performed at constant parameters of 7 bars, 2 s and 1 kW and variable parameter of interlayer material (Cu, 70B and Zn). The investigation of samples by OM, SEM, shear-tensile and microhardness tests revealed that Zn and Cu samples had the lowest and highest bond densities, with 42.2 and 80.6 percent, respectively. The bond density and the strength of the sample with greater interlayer deformability have higher values. Due to the high plastic deformation capability of copper, the Cu sample has generated more heat and deformation at the joint interface than in the other samples. As a result, the microstructure underwent recrystallization and grain growth after enduring severe plastic deformation. Also, the highest hardness of the steel side equal to 201 HV was for the Cu sample, followed by 70B and Zn, respectively.}, Keywords = {Ultrasonic Welding, Interlayer, CP-Ti, Low Carbon Steel.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {21-31}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.16}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-491-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-491-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Arjmand, S. and Khayati, Gh. R. and Rajabi, Z.}, title = {Effect of arc current of GTAW process on microstructural changes, hardness and tribological properties of Fe/NiCrMo composite coating}, abstract ={In order to improve hardness and wear resistance of St60 steel substrate, NiCrMo welding wire was coated on its surface using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. Welding characteristics were considered to create a coating with maximum hardness and wear resistance and minimum defects. The results showed that the microstructure of the composite coatings mainly contains of α-Mo, NiMo and blade phases. By increasing in the arc current from 90 to 110 A, porosity and non-uniformity in microstructure of the coatings increased and the sample coated with the arc current of 90 A showed a more uniform microstructure and fewer defects. The average hardness of the coatings was obtained in the range of 218-227 HB (substrate's hardness is approximately equal to 152 HB). The sample prepared with arc current of 90 A showed the least weight loss and the sample prepared with arc current of 110 A showed the greatest weight loss. The wear mechanism of the substrate was mainly abrasive wear and the wear mechanism of the coatings was mainly abrasive and adhesive wear, with the lowest wear products related to the sample prepared with arc current of 90 A and therefore, this sample showed the greatest wear resistance.}, Keywords = {GTAW, Hardness, Wear resistance, α-Mo, NiMo.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {33-44}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.17}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-496-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-496-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, S. A and AkbariMousavi, S. A. A.}, title = {Numerical analysis of factors affecting thermal distribution and residual stress in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of 316 L stainless steel}, abstract ={In this study, 1 mm thick austenitic stainless steel 316L sheets were used for experimental testing. The experimental welding process was carried out using a Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding machine, and the welding simulation was performed using the SYSWELD software with a three-dimensional model for thermodynamic and mechanical analysis. The simulation results showed over 90% correlation with the experimental results. Analysis of experimental and numerical data revealed that at a constant voltage of 440 volts, decreasing the welding speed from 2 to 0.5 mm/s increased the overlap rate of pulses from 67% to 93% and the maximum average power density (EPPD) from 5963 to 21831 W/mm². Additionally, increasing the voltage from 440 to 480 volts at a constant speed of 1 mm/s raised the heat input from 114 to 138 J/mm and the weld depth from 0.56 to 0.66 mm. Due to the high cooling rate, the grain size of the weld metal became finer than the base metal (63% reduction in grain size). Two phases, austenite and ferrite, were observed in the weld metal, and the solidification mode was predicted to be FA.With an increase in welding speed from 0.5 mm/s to 2 mm/s at a constant voltage of 440 volts, the maximum tensile residual stress increased from 96 to 260 MPa due to reduced pulse overlap (from 93% to 67%), uneven heat distribution in the part, and the generation of thermal stresses. Furthermore, increasing the welding voltage from 440 to 480 volts at a constant speed of 1 mm/s caused the maximum tensile residual stress to rise from 124 to 152 MPa. The maximum hardness of the weld metal increased from 180 to 215 Vickers as the welding speed rose due to the prevention of carbon diffusion and an increased growth rate. However, with an increase in welding voltage and heat input (from 57 to 69 J/mm), the hardness decreased from 225 to 215 Vickers due to a reduction in thermal gradients and grain growth.}, Keywords = {Residual stress, pulsed laser welding, 316L austenitic stainless steel, Finite Element Method.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {45-60}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.18}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-495-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-495-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {SajjadiNikoo, S. and Qods, F. and Yousefieh, M.}, title = {Microstructure evaluation and mechanical properties of friction stir welding of accumulative roll bonded AA2024/AA5083 composite strips}, abstract ={In this research, the ultrafine-grained (UFG) composite of AA2024 and AA5083 aluminum alloys was made by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process and butt-welded by friction stir welding. Friction stir welding (FSW) is the best method for the joining of UFG strips. Microstructural investigations were performed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope in the stir zone (SZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ). The fine recrystallized structure with a grain size of about 900 nm was determined in the weldment. Due to the strengthening mechanisms of grain boundaries, nano-meter size precipitates and solid solution strengthening, the high strength of about 403 MPa was achieved. The presence of precipitates with homogeneous distribution in FSWed strips caused a high ductility of about 14% compared to the fabricated composite strips (6.9%). The high hardness of the SZ was caused by the formation of new equiaxed grains and fine precipitates, and also the decrease in the hardness of the HAZ was due to the dissolution and coarsening of T-phase precipitates.}, Keywords = {Accumulative roll bonding, ultrafine-grained composite, friction stir welding, equiaxed grains, continuous dynamic recrystallization.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {61-70}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.19}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-490-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-490-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Vojdanpak, M. K. and AzadiRenani, M. J. and Niroumand, B. and Maleki, A.}, title = {Development and characterization of lead-free Sn-Zn solder produced by angular accumulative extrusion as an alternative to commercial Sn-Pb solder}, abstract ={Eutectic tin-zinc solder can be a suitable replacement for tin-lead solder due to its low cost, suitable melting temperature, and desirable mechanical properties. However, due to the high vapor pressure of zinc, manufacturing this alloy using the melt method is very difficult and expensive. In this study, Sn-8.9%Zn lead-free solder was fabricated using the angular accumulative extrusion method of tin sheets and zinc powder in 10, 12, and 15 passes, and characterized. Microstructural investigations were performed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The shear strength and hardness of the solders were also measured. The results showed that after 12 passes, the dispersion of zinc powder in the tin matrix was improved, and the dissolution of zinc was confirmed by a decrease in the XRD peak intensities. However, after 15 passes, cracks appeared in the structure. The shear strength of the tin-zinc solder joint was about 60% higher than that of commercial tin-lead solder. The wetting angle of this solder on copper was measured to be 21 degrees, and its electrical resistance was measured to be 4.1 nanoohms, which is within the acceptable range for electronic applications, although it has a weaker performance compared to tin-lead solder.}, Keywords = {Lead-free Solder,Sn-Zn alloy, Sn-Pb alloy, Angular Accumulative Extrusion, Wettability, Shear strenght, Electrical conductivity.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {71-80}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.20}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-486-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-486-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Bahmani, A. and Ashiri, R.}, title = {Investigating the effect of zinc coating on microstructure and mechanical properties in resistance spot welding of QP980 advanced high-strength automotive steel}, abstract ={This research looks at how microstructure and mechanical properties change in resistance spot welds of QP980 advanced high-strength steel. It specifically focuses on the effects of zinc coating and how it influences weld nugget formation, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior. The study involved microscopic examinations, mechanical tests, and finite element simulations to determine the thermal history of different weld zones. A key finding was that rapid cooling during the welding process led to the formation of, metastable phases, such as martensite, in both the weld nugget and the heat-affected zone. A finite element model of the welding process was used to simulate heat distribution and analyze the microstructure in various weld regions. This model showed that reaching the peak temperature during four-pulse resistance spot welding is delayed. This delay, along with proper hold times, helps prevent the formation of voids. The simulated thermal history and the rapid heating/cooling conditions effectively predicted the evolution and transformation of the microstructure in different weld areas. It was found that the presence of a zinc coating, and the resulting reduction in electrical contact resistance, delayed the formation of the weld nugget at lower welding currents. However, at higher currents, the primary source of heat generation shifted from contact resistance to bulk resistance within the steel sheet. This led to larger weld nuggets in coated samples compared to uncoated ones. While uncoated samples showed higher weld nugget hardness (512 Vickers) and greater tensile-shear strength (with a maximum load-bearing capacity of 28.1 kN in uncoated samples versus 24 kN in coated samples), coated samples were able to achieve the critical weld nugget size for a change in fracture mode at lower welding currents (9 kA compared to 9.5 kA).  }, Keywords = {Resistance spot welding, QP980 steel, Microstructure-mechanical properties relationship, Zinc coating effect, Multi-pulse welding.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {81-100}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.21}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-497-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-497-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Agharazi, B. and ShojaRazavi, S. R. and Barekat, S. M. and Borhani, M. R. and Erfanmanesh, M.}, title = {Experimental-statistical analysis for laser cladding of 2507 duplex steel wire on VCN200 steel by response surface methodology}, abstract ={This experimental-statistical study investigates the influence of laser cladding parameters—laser power (700–900 W), scanning speed (6–8 mm/s), and wire feed rate (70–80 mm/min)—on the geometric characteristics of single-pass coatings of 2507 duplex stainless steel on a VCN200 substrate. Experimental data were analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a three-factor, four-level design matrix. Measurements including clad width (W), height (H), penetration depth (b), wettability angle (Z), and dilution percentage (D) were obtained via ImageJ software. Results indicated that increasing laser power from 700 to 900 W led to a 14% increase in clad width (from 1417 to 1744 µm), a 33% rise in clad height (from 450 to 594 µm), a 6% increase in penetration depth (from 88 to 93 µm), and a 3% improvement in wettability angle (from 71° to 69°). In contrast, increasing scanning speed from 6 to 8 mm/s reduced clad width by 12% (from 1513 to 1787 µm), clad height by 31% (from 650 to 573 µm), and wettability angle by 15% (from 67° to 78°), while enhancing penetration depth by 4% (from 85 to 84 µm) and dilution by 19% (from 58% to 53%). Moreover, raising the wire feed rate from 70 to 80 mm/min increased clad height by 13% (from 502 to 747 µm) and wettability angle by 4% (from 75° to 78°), but decreased dilution by 19% (from 59% to 48%).}, Keywords = {Laser Cladding, 2507 Duplex stainless steel, Process optimization, Response surface methodology, Geometric properties.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {101-110}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.22}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-488-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-488-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Tehrani-Moghadam, H.G. and Jafarian, H.R. and AghazadehGhomi, M. and Heidarzadeh, A.}, title = {Effect of friction stir welding on microstructure, phase transformations, and mechanical properties of austenitic Fe-24Ni-4Cr steel}, abstract ={In this study, the effect of friction stir welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-24Ni-4Cr austenitic steel was investigated. For this purpose, a sheet with a thickness of 1 mm was subjected to friction stir welding using a WC-5%Co tool at a traverse speed of 100 mm/min and a tool rotational speed of 450 rpm. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed that this process led to grain refinement and an increase in high-angle grain boundaries in the stir zone, attributed to dynamic recrystallization during welding. Phase maps indicated an increase in the BCC phase fraction in the stir zone compared to the base metal. Given the high strain rate and the presence of stabilizing elements, this phase was primarily strain-induced martensite. Mechanical property assessments showed a significant increase in the tensile strength of the stir zone (450 MPa) compared to the base metal (350 MPa). Moreover, the yield strength of the stir zone (388 MPa) was substantially higher than that of the base metal (145 MPa), which can be attributed to grain refinement, an increase in high-angle grain boundaries, a higher dislocation density, and martensite formation. However, the ductility of the stir zone decreased due to higher stress concentration and dislocation density in this region. These findings suggest that friction stir welding can be an effective method for enhancing the strength and hardness of austenitic steels, but process conditions must be carefully controlled to prevent reductions in toughness and ductility.}, Keywords = {Friction stir welding, Austenitic steel, Microstructure evolution, Mechanical properties.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {111-121}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.23}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-489-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-489-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {PourmoradKaleybar, S. and Khorsand, H.}, title = {Investigation of factors affecting solidification defects in dissimilar Ti6Al4V-Inconel 718 joints by TLP using BNi2-Cu foil}, abstract ={This research focuses on the dissimilar joining of Ti6Al4V and Inconel 718 alloys using the Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) bonding process with a BNi2 foil and a copper interlayer. The objective is to analyze the effects of temperature (850, 950, and 1050 °C) and holding time (10, 20, and 30 minutes) on the microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the bonding region. DSC analysis indicated that melting reactions begin around 950 °C, attributed to the formation of eutectic compounds in the Cu-Ni-B system. SEM and EDS examinations confirmed the formation of intermetallic phases such as Ti₂Ni, NiTi, Cr₂Ti, and ceramic phase Ni₃B in different regions of the joint. Under optimal conditions (950 °C for 20 minutes), a uniform microstructure, controlled boron diffusion, and formation of stable phases were observed. The hardness in the DAZ region was approximately 420–450 HV. In contrast, higher temperatures and extended holding times led to the formation of brittle phases, solidification cracks, and interfacial discontinuities. The diffusion coefficient of titanium under optimal bonding conditions was estimated to be 2.8×10⁻¹¹ m²/s. These findings emphasize the importance of precise control over process parameters to achieve high-quality joints and prevent structural defects.}, Keywords = {Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) process, Microstructural defects, Intermetallic phases, Dissimilar joining.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {123-138}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.24}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-501-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-501-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} } @article{ author = {Farbakhti, M. and ElmiHosseini, S. R. and MousaviMohammadi, S. A.}, title = {The effect of current intensity on liquid metal embrittlement in resistance spot welding of QP1180 steel}, abstract ={This study investigated the influence of resistance spot welding current intensity on the formation of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) cracks in galvanized advanced QP1180 steel. Galvanized steel sheets with a thickness of 1 mm were welded at currents of 6.5, 7, 7.5, and 8 kA. The results revealed that increasing the current significantly enlarged the weld nugget size, molten volume, electrode indentation, and the likelihood of LME crack formation. Microstructural analysis, elemental distribution, and crack characterization were conducted using optical and electron microscopy. The findings indicated that the weld zone microstructure primarily consisted of martensite, while the non-uniform distribution of zinc along grain boundaries facilitated the initiation and propagation of LME cracks. Cracks were predominantly observed at the periphery of the weld pool indentation and in the electrode-sheet contact area. This study demonstrates that controlling welding current intensity is a key factor in mitigating LME and improving the mechanical properties of joints in galvanized QP1180 steel. Optimizing welding parameters, particularly limiting current intensity, can prevent molten metal-induced cracking and enhance the durability and safety of automotive structures. Hardness profiling revealed peak hardness in the weld zone, followed by a gradual decrease toward the heat-affected zone (HAZ).}, Keywords = {Liquid Metal Embrittlement, Resistance Spot Welding, QP steel.}, volume = {11}, Number = {1}, pages = {139-148}, publisher = {Iranian Institute of Welding and Non Destructive Testing}, doi = {10.47176/JWSTI.2025.25}, url = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-499-en.html}, eprint = {http://jwsti.iut.ac.ir/article-1-499-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Welding Science and Technology of Iran}, issn = {2476-583X}, eissn = {2676-6787}, year = {2025} }